White Alexandra J, Bradshaw Patrick T, Hamra Ghassan B
Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2018 Jun;5(2):92-100. doi: 10.1007/s40471-018-0143-2. Epub 2018 Mar 27.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed among US women. Air pollution is a pervasive mixture of chemicals containing carcinogenic compounds and chemicals with endocrine disrupting properties. In the present review, we examine the epidemiologic evidence regarding the association between air pollution measures and breast cancer risk.
We identified seventeen studies evaluating the risk of breast cancer associated with air pollution. A higher risk of breast cancer has been associated with nitrogen dioxide (NO) and nitrogen oxides (NO) levels, both of which are proxies for traffic exposure. However, there is little evidence supporting a relationship for measures of traffic count or distance to nearest road, or for measures of particulate matter (PM), except potentially for nickel and vanadium, which are components of PM. Hazardous air toxic levels and sources of indoor air pollution may also contribute to breast cancer risk. There is little existing evidence to support that the relationship between air pollution and breast cancer risk varies by either menopausal status at diagnosis or combined tumor hormone receptor subtype defined by the estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR).
Epidemiologic evidence to date suggests an association between breast cancer risk and NO and NO, markers for traffic-related air pollution; although there was little evidence supporting associations for proxy measures of traffic exposure or for PM. More research is needed to understand the role of specific PM components and whether associations vary by tumor receptor subtype and menopausal status at diagnosis.
乳腺癌是美国女性中最常被诊断出的癌症。空气污染是一种普遍存在的化学物质混合物，包含致癌化合物和具有内分泌干扰特性的化学物质。在本综述中，我们研究了关于空气污染指标与乳腺癌风险之间关联的流行病学证据。
我们确定了17项评估空气污染与乳腺癌风险相关的研究。乳腺癌风险增加与二氧化氮（NO）和氮氧化物（NOₓ）水平有关，这两者都是交通暴露的替代指标。然而，几乎没有证据支持交通流量计数或到最近道路的距离指标，或颗粒物（PM）指标之间存在关联，除了可能与PM的成分镍和钒有关。有害空气毒物水平和室内空气污染来源也可能导致乳腺癌风险。目前几乎没有证据支持空气污染与乳腺癌风险之间的关系因诊断时的绝经状态或由雌激素受体（ER）和孕激素受体（PR）定义的联合肿瘤激素受体亚型而有所不同。
迄今为止的流行病学证据表明，乳腺癌风险与交通相关空气污染的标志物NO和NOₓ之间存在关联；尽管几乎没有证据支持交通暴露替代指标或PM之间存在关联。需要更多研究来了解特定PM成分的作用，以及这种关联是否因肿瘤受体亚型和诊断时的绝经状态而有所不同。
