Department of Ophthalmology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania.
Clinic of Paediatric Surgery, Emergency Children's Hospital Louis Turcanu, 300011 Timisoara, Romania.
Medicina (Kaunas). 2018 Mar 20;54(1):6. doi: 10.3390/medicina54010006.
Amblyopia is the leading cause of visual impairment in children and adults and is very common during childhood. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence and the risk factors of amblyopia in a pediatric population with refractive errors from an Eastern European country. A total of 1231 children aged 5⁻16 years, who had refractive errors and were examined from January to August 2017, were enrolled in a cross-sectional population-based study. Every child underwent a complete ophthalmological exam. Amblyopia was defined as a visual acuity (VA) of less than 0.63. The study respected the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study (MEPEDS) criteria for defining amblyopia (MEPEDS, 2008). Parents participated in a face-to-face interview. The questionnaire contained details about their family history of amblyopia; the child's maternal nutritional status in the preconception period; their history of maternal smoking or work in a toxic environment; the child's birth, and the child's history of congenital naso-lacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO). Amblyopia was identified in 2.8% of the participants. The ocular conditions hyperopia ( = 0.0079), astigmatism ( = 0.046), anisometropia ( < 0.001), esotropia ( < 0.001), exotropia ( = 0.0195), and CNLDO ( < 0.001), as well as a family history of amblyopia ( < 0.001), were associated with amblyopia. The non-ocular risk factors for amblyopia that were found in the study included low birth weight ( < 0.0009), prematurity ( < 0.001), an Apgar score under 7 ( = 0.0008), maternal age, maternal smoking history or work in toxic environment ( < 0.001), and maternal body mass index in the preconception period ( < 0.003). Some of the risk factors we identified for amblyopia are modifiable factors. This is an important observation as an adequate health education program can provide the relevant information for future mothers that will allow for a better management of the condition. We also wanted to highlight the need for amblyopia screening starting from the age of 3 years in case of significant parental refractive errors, strabismus, prematurity, and maternal risk factors.
弱视是儿童和成人视力损害的主要原因，在儿童中非常常见。本研究的目的是确定来自东欧国家的屈光不正儿童人群中弱视的患病率和危险因素。
2017 年 1 月至 8 月，共有 1231 名 5 至 16 岁的儿童因屈光不正接受检查，他们参加了一项基于人群的横断面研究。每个孩子都接受了全面的眼科检查。弱视定义为视力（VA）低于 0.63。本研究符合多民族小儿眼病研究（MEPED）定义弱视的标准（MEPED，2008）。父母参与了面对面的访谈。问卷包含了有关他们家族弱视史、儿童母亲在受孕前的营养状况、母亲吸烟史或在有毒环境中工作史、儿童出生情况以及儿童先天性鼻泪管阻塞（CNLDO）病史的详细信息。研究发现，2.8%的参与者患有弱视。远视（=0.0079）、散光（=0.046）、屈光参差（<0.001）、内斜视（<0.001）、外斜视（=0.0195）和 CNLDO（<0.001）以及弱视家族史（<0.001）与弱视有关。研究中发现的弱视的非眼部危险因素包括低出生体重（<0.0009）、早产（<0.001）、阿普加评分低于 7（=0.0008）、母亲年龄、母亲吸烟史或在有毒环境中工作（<0.001）和母亲孕前体重指数（<0.003）。我们确定的一些弱视危险因素是可改变的因素。这是一个重要的观察结果，因为一个充分的健康教育计划可以为未来的母亲提供相关信息，以便更好地管理这种情况。我们还想强调，在存在显著父母屈光不正、斜视、早产和母亲危险因素的情况下，从 3 岁开始就需要进行弱视筛查。
