Psychology, Center for Mind & Brain, University of California, Davis, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA, 95618, USA.
Department of Psychology, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA.
J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2019 Jul;47(7):1225-1238. doi: 10.1007/s10802-018-0481-z.
Emotion socialization by parents contributes to children's trajectories of healthy and unhealthy emotional development, but there has been little research into the determinants and development of parental emotion socialization. We examined whether young children's anxious characteristics, including expressed anxiety with peers and low basal respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), predicted changes in mothers' and fathers' emotion socialization over the subsequent year. Using regression and regions of significance analyses, we observed that children's expressed anxiety moderated the stability of mothers' and fathers' supportive and unsupportive emotion socialization, primarily in ways that would be likely to maintain or exacerbate children's social anxiety. For example, mothers' highly fretful and less supportive responses were more stable when children had been more anxious with peers. Basal RSA moderated the stability of fathers' punitive responses to children's anxious and sad emotions, and directly predicted changes in mothers' neglect of children's anxious and sad emotions, and negative and positive feelings about children's social withdrawal. These effects of children's characteristics on parents' emotions and behaviors support bidirectional and transactional models of the socialization of children's anxiety and internalizing problems, and identify aspects of emotion socialization by parents that could be amenable to intervention.
父母的情绪社会化有助于儿童健康和不健康的情绪发展轨迹，但对于父母情绪社会化的决定因素和发展，研究甚少。我们考察了幼儿的焦虑特征，包括与同伴表达的焦虑和低基础呼吸窦性心律失常（RSA），是否预测了母亲和父亲在随后一年中情绪社会化的变化。通过回归和显著区域分析，我们观察到儿童表达的焦虑调节了母亲和父亲支持性和非支持性情绪社会化的稳定性，主要是以可能维持或加剧儿童社交焦虑的方式。例如，当孩子与同伴更加焦虑时，母亲更加烦躁和不支持的反应更加稳定。基础 RSA 调节了父亲对孩子焦虑和悲伤情绪的惩罚反应的稳定性，并直接预测了母亲对孩子焦虑和悲伤情绪、对孩子社交回避的消极和积极感受的忽视变化。儿童特征对父母情绪和行为的这些影响支持了儿童焦虑和内化问题社会化的双向和交互模型，并确定了父母情绪社会化中可能适合干预的方面。
