Hoffman Kyle S, Crnković Ana, Söll Dieter
Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
Genes (Basel). 2018 Nov 7;9(11):537. doi: 10.3390/genes9110537.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a dynamic molecule used by all forms of life as a key component of the translation apparatus. Each tRNA is highly processed, structured, and modified, to accurately deliver amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis. The tRNA molecule is a critical component in synthetic biology methods for the synthesis of proteins designed to contain non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs). The multiple interactions and maturation requirements of a tRNA pose engineering challenges, but also offer tunable features. Major advances in the field of genetic code expansion have repeatedly demonstrated the central importance of suppressor tRNAs for efficient incorporation of ncAAs. Here we review the current status of two fundamentally different translation systems (TSs), selenocysteine (Sec)- and pyrrolysine (Pyl)-TSs. Idiosyncratic requirements of each of these TSs mandate how their tRNAs are adapted and dictate the techniques used to select or identify the best synthetic variants.
转运RNA（tRNA）是一种动态分子，被所有生命形式用作翻译装置的关键组成部分。每个tRNA都经过高度加工、构建和修饰，以准确地将氨基酸输送到核糖体进行蛋白质合成。tRNA分子是合成生物学方法中用于合成设计包含非天然氨基酸（ncAA）的蛋白质的关键组成部分。tRNA的多种相互作用和成熟要求带来了工程挑战，但也提供了可调节的特性。遗传密码扩展领域的重大进展反复证明了抑制性tRNA对于有效掺入ncAA的核心重要性。在这里，我们综述了两种根本不同的翻译系统（TS），即硒代半胱氨酸（Sec）-TS和吡咯赖氨酸（Pyl）-TS的现状。这些TS各自的特殊要求决定了它们的tRNA如何适应，并决定了用于选择或鉴定最佳合成变体的技术。
