Slimani Maamer, Paravlic Armin Huso, Chaabene Helmi, Davis Philip, Chamari Karim, Cheour Foued
Research Laboratory "Sports Performance Optimization", National Centre of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.
Science and Research Centre, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Garibaldijeva 1, 6000 Koper, Slovenia.
Biol Sport. 2018 Jun;35(2):121-136. doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.71601. Epub 2017 Nov 23.
Striking combat sports are challenging, commonly stressing the endocrinological system based on a mixture of body-contact actions and physiological efforts. The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to discuss the hormonal responses related to striking combat sports competitions and to investigate the moderator and mediator variables of the hormonal response-competition/outcome relationship. Three electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect) were systematically searched (up to February 2016) followed by a manual search of retrieved papers. The data showed a moderate increase in cortisol (C) (ES = 0.79; 95% CI 0.31-1.28; p = 0.001), an extremely large increase in adrenaline (ES = 4.22; 95% CI 2.62-5.82; p < 0.001), and a very large increase in noradrenaline (ES = 3.40; 95% CI 1.03-5.76; p = 0.005) and human growth hormone (HGH) levels (ES = 3.69; 95% CI 1.96-5.42; p < 0.001) immediately following the combat events, compared to the control condition i.e., "pre-combat". Furthermore, amateur athletes had a larger increase in levels compared to highly trained athletes (ES = 2.91 [very large] vs ES = 0.56 [small]), while evening events showed greater alterations in levels compared to morning events (ES = 1.91 [large] vs ES = 0.48 [small]), without significant differences between them (p = 0.26 and p = 0.06, respectively). The present meta-analysis also showed a small, insignificant increase in testosterone (T) (ES = 0.47 [small]; 95% CI -0.45-0.99; p = 0.074) and a decrease in insulin-like growth factor 1 levels (ES = -0.20 [trivial]; 95% CI -0.78-0.37; p = 0.486) immediately following the combat events, compared to the control condition. The type of combat sports practised, participants' gender, and the nature of competition contests (i.e., official vs simulation) did not moderate the relationship between competition and hormonal response. Additionaly, sub-analysis results showed a significant difference between younger and older athletes (Q = 4.05, p = 0.044), suggesting that after combat, younger individuals (less than 17 years of age) had a small decrease in levels (ES = -0.58), compared with the moderate increase observed in older individuals (ES = 0.76). In conclusion, irrespective of striking combat sports types, the results showed that both official and simulated bouts are a real stressor of the hormonal system of practitioners. Coaches and applied practitioners should adopt "pre-competitive cognitive/coping strategies" to improve the psychological state that mediates the hormonal changes-competition/outcome relationship of their athletes in order to mitigate athletes' stress.
搏击类格斗运动具有挑战性，通常会因身体接触动作和生理消耗的综合作用而给内分泌系统带来压力。本系统评价和荟萃分析的目的是探讨与搏击类格斗运动竞赛相关的激素反应，并研究激素反应与竞赛/结果关系中的调节变量和中介变量。系统检索了三个电子数据库（即PubMed、谷歌学术和科学Direct）（截至2016年2月），随后对检索到的论文进行了手工检索。数据显示，与对照条件即“赛前”相比，格斗赛事结束后，皮质醇（C）水平适度升高（效应量=0.79；95%置信区间0.31 - 1.28；p = 0.001），肾上腺素水平大幅升高（效应量=4.22；95%置信区间2.62 - 5.82；p < 0.001），去甲肾上腺素水平大幅升高（效应量=3.40；95%置信区间1.03 - 5.76；p = 0.005），人生长激素（HGH）水平大幅升高（效应量=3.69；95%置信区间1.96 - 5.42；p < 0.001）。此外，与高水平训练运动员相比，业余运动员的[此处原文缺失激素名称]水平升高幅度更大（效应量=2.91[非常大]对效应量=0.56[小]），而与上午赛事相比，晚间赛事的[此处原文缺失激素名称]水平变化更大（效应量=1.91[大]对效应量=0.48[小]），但两者之间无显著差异（分别为p = 0.26和p = 0.06）。本荟萃分析还显示，与对照条件相比，格斗赛事结束后，睾酮（T）水平有小幅、不显著的升高（效应量=0.47[小]；95%置信区间 - 0.45 - 0.99；p = 0.074），胰岛素样生长因子1水平降低（效应量=-0.20[微小]；95%置信区间 - 0.78 - 0.37；p = 0.486）。所从事的格斗运动类型、参与者性别以及竞赛性质（即正式比赛与模拟比赛）并未调节竞赛与激素反应之间的关系。此外，亚组分析结果显示年轻运动员和年长运动员之间存在显著差异（Q = 4.05，p = 0.044），这表明格斗赛后，与年长个体（效应量=0.76）观察到的适度升高相比，年轻个体（小于17岁）的[此处原文缺失激素名称]水平有小幅下降（效应量=-0.58）。总之，无论搏击类格斗运动类型如何，结果表明正式比赛和模拟比赛都是从业者激素系统的真正应激源。教练和应用从业者应采用“赛前认知/应对策略”来改善心理状态，这种心理状态可调节运动员激素变化与竞赛/结果的关系，从而减轻运动员的压力。
