Varamenti Evdokia, Tod David, Pullinger Samuel A
Aspire Academy for Sports Excellence, Sports Science Departement, PO Box: 22287, Doha, Qatar.
Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
Sports Med Open. 2020 Aug 3;6(1):34. doi: 10.1186/s40798-020-00262-x.
Several studies have highlighted the substantial role of the athlete's redox and inflammation status during the training process. However, many factors such as differences in testing protocols, assays, sample sizes, and fitness levels of the population are affecting findings and the understanding regarding how exercise affects related biomarkers in adolescent athletes.
To search redox homeostasis variables' and inflammatory mediators' responses in juvenile athletes following short- or long-term training periods and examine the effect size of those variations to training paradigms.
A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. The entire content of PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, and Science Direct were systematically searched until December 2019. Studies with outcomes including (1) a group of adolescent athletes from any individual or team sport, (2) the assessment of redox and/or inflammatory markers after a short- (training session or performance testing) or longer training period, and (3) variables measured in blood were retained. The literature search initially identified 346 potentially relevant records, of which 36 studies met the inclusion criteria for the qualitative synthesis. From those articles, 27 were included in the quantitative analysis (meta-analysis) as their results could be converted into common units.
Following a short training session or performance test, an extremely large increase in protein carbonyls (PC) (ES 4.164; 95% CI 1.716 to 6.613; Z = 3.333, p = 0.001), a large increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (ES 1.317; 95% CI 0.522 to 2.112; Z = 3.247, p = 0.001), a large decrease in glutathione (GSH) (ES - 1.701; 95% CI - 2.698 to - 0.705; Z = - 3.347, p = 0.001), and a moderate increase of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level (ES 1.057; 95% CI - 0.044 to 2.158; Z = 1.882, p = 0.060) were observed. Following more extended training periods, GSH showed moderate increases (ES 1.131; 95% CI 0.350 to 1.913; Z = 2.839, p = 0.005) while TBARS displayed a small decrease (ES 0.568; 95% CI - 0.062 to 1.197; Z = 1.768, p = 0.077). Regarding cytokines, a very large and large increase were observed in IL-6 (ES 2.291; 95% CI 1.082 to 3.501; Z = 3.713, p = 0.000) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (ra) (ES 1.599; 95% CI 0.347 to 2.851; Z = 2.503, p = 0.012), respectively, following short-duration training modalities in juvenile athletes.
The results showed significant alterations in oxidative stress and cytokine levels after acute exercise, ranging from moderate to extremely large. In contrast, the variations after chronic exercise ranged from trivial to moderate. However, the observed publication bias and high heterogeneity in specific meta-analysis advocate the need for further exploration and consistency when we deal with the assessed variables to ascertain the implications of structured training regimes on measured variables in order to develop guidelines for training, nutritional advice, and wellbeing in young athletes.
PROSPERO CRD42020152105.
多项研究强调了运动员氧化还原和炎症状态在训练过程中的重要作用。然而，诸如测试方案、检测方法、样本量以及人群健康水平等诸多因素，正在影响研究结果以及我们对于运动如何影响青少年运动员相关生物标志物的理解。
探究青少年运动员在短期或长期训练后氧化还原稳态变量和炎症介质的反应，并检验这些变化对训练模式的效应大小。
进行了一项遵循PRISMA标准的系统综述和荟萃分析。系统检索了截至2019年12月的PubMed（MEDLINE）、Scopus和Science Direct的全部内容。纳入的研究需满足以下条件：（1）来自任何个人或团体运动项目的青少年运动员群体；（2）在短期（训练课程或性能测试）或较长训练期后评估氧化还原和/或炎症标志物；（3）测量血液中的变量。文献检索最初识别出346条潜在相关记录，其中36项研究符合定性综合分析的纳入标准。从这些文章中，27项被纳入定量分析（荟萃分析），因为它们的结果可以转换为通用单位。
在短期训练课程或性能测试后，观察到蛋白质羰基（PC）大幅增加（效应大小4.164；95%置信区间1.716至6.613；Z = 3.333，p = 0.001），硫代巴比妥酸反应性物质（TBARS）显著增加（效应大小1.317；95%置信区间0.522至2.112；Z = 3.247，p = 0.001），谷胱甘肽（GSH）大幅下降（效应大小 - 1.701；95%置信区间 - 2.698至 - 0.705；Z = - 3.347，p = 0.001），总抗氧化能力（TAC）水平适度增加（效应大小1.057；95%置信区间 - 0.044至2.158；Z = 1.882，p = 0.060）。在更长的训练期后，GSH适度增加（效应大小1.131；95%置信区间0.350至1.913；Z = 2.839，p = 0.005），而TBARS略有下降（效应大小0.568；95%置信区间 - 0.062至1.197；Z = 1.768，p = 0.077）。关于细胞因子，在青少年运动员进行短期训练模式后，白细胞介素 - 6（IL - 6）（效应大小2.291；95%置信区间1.082至3.501；Z = 3.713，p = 0.000）和白细胞介素 - 1受体拮抗剂（ra）（效应大小1.599；95%置信区间0.347至2.851；Z = 2.503，p = 0.012）分别出现非常大幅和大幅增加。
结果显示，急性运动后氧化应激和细胞因子水平有显著变化，幅度从中度到极大。相比之下长期运动后的变化幅度从微小到中度。然而，在特定的荟萃分析中观察到的发表偏倚和高度异质性表明，在处理评估变量时，需要进一步探索并保持一致性，以确定结构化训练方案对测量变量的影响，从而为年轻运动员制定训练、营养建议和健康指南。
PROSPERO CRD42020152105。
