Department of Preventive Medicine,University of Southern California Health Sciences Campus,2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033,USA.
Proc Nutr Soc. 2019 Aug;78(3):262-271. doi: 10.1017/S002966511800263X. Epub 2018 Dec 3.
Consumption of sugar and alternative low- or no-energy sweeteners has increased in recent decades. However, it is still uncertain how consumption of sugar and alternative sweeteners during pregnancy affects pregnancy outcomes and long-term offspring health. This review aims to collate the available evidence surrounding the consequences of sugar and alternative sweetener consumption during pregnancy, a so-called secondhand sugar effect. We found evidence that sugar consumption during pregnancy may contribute to increased gestational weight gain and the development of pregnancy complications, including gestational diabetes, preeclampsia and preterm birth. Further, we found a growing body of the animal and human evidence that maternal sugar intake during pregnancy may impact neonatal and childhood metabolism, taste perception and obesity risk. Emerging evidence also suggests that both maternal and paternal preconception sugar intakes are linked to offspring metabolic outcomes, perhaps via epigenetic alterations to the germline. While there have been fewer studies of the impacts of alternative sweetener consumption before and during pregnancy, there is some evidence to suggest effects on infant outcomes including preterm birth risk, increased infant body composition and offspring preference for sweet foods, although mechanisms are unclear. We conclude that preconception and gestational sugar and alternative sweetener consumption may negatively impact pregnancy outcomes and offspring health and that there is a need for further observational, mechanistic and intervention research in this area.
在最近几十年中，糖和其他低能或无能量甜味剂的消耗量有所增加。然而，目前仍不确定孕妇在怀孕期间摄入糖和其他甜味剂会如何影响妊娠结局和后代的长期健康。本综述旨在汇集有关怀孕期间摄入糖和其他甜味剂（所谓的二手糖效应）对后果的现有证据。我们发现有证据表明，怀孕期间摄入糖可能会导致妊娠体重增加和妊娠并发症的发展，包括妊娠糖尿病、先兆子痫和早产。此外，我们发现越来越多的动物和人类证据表明，孕妇在怀孕期间摄入糖可能会影响新生儿和儿童的新陈代谢、味觉感知和肥胖风险。新出现的证据还表明，母亲和父亲在受孕前和怀孕期间的糖分摄入都与后代的代谢结果有关，也许是通过对生殖系的表观遗传改变。虽然在怀孕前和怀孕期间摄入替代甜味剂的影响的研究较少，但有一些证据表明它们会对婴儿的结果产生影响，包括早产风险、婴儿身体成分和后代对甜食的偏好，尽管其机制尚不清楚。我们的结论是，受孕前和妊娠期摄入糖和替代甜味剂可能会对妊娠结局和后代健康产生负面影响，因此需要在这一领域进行进一步的观察、机制和干预研究。
