Castell Lindy M, Nieman David C, Bermon Stéphane, Peeling Peter
1 University of Oxford.
2 Appalachian State University.
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2019 Mar 1;29(2):181-188. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0288. Epub 2019 Feb 18.
The main focus of this review is illness among elite athletes, how and why it occurs, and whether any measures can be taken to combat it or to prevent its onset. In particular, there is particular interest in exercise-induced immunodepression, which is a result of the immune system regarding exercise (e.g., prolonged, exhaustive exercise) as a challenge to its function. This promotes the inflammatory response. There is often a high incidence of illness in athletes after undertaking strenuous exercise, particularly among those competing in endurance events, not only mainly in terms of upper respiratory tract illness, but also involving gastrointestinal problems. It may well be that this high incidence is largely due to insufficient recovery time being allowed after, for example, a marathon, a triathlon, or other endurance events. Two examples of the incidence of upper respiratory tract illness in moderate versus endurance exercise are provided. In recent years, increasing numbers of research studies have investigated the origins, symptoms, and incidence of these bouts of illness and have attempted to alleviate the symptoms with supplements, sports foods, or immunonutrition. One aspect of the present review discusses iron deficiency, which has been primarily suggested to have an impact upon cell-mediated immunity. Immunonutrition is also discussed, as are new techniques for investigating links between metabolism and immune function.
本综述的主要关注点是精英运动员的疾病，其发生方式和原因，以及是否可以采取任何措施来对抗疾病或预防其发作。特别值得关注的是运动诱导的免疫抑制，这是免疫系统将运动（例如长时间、高强度运动）视为对其功能的一种挑战的结果。这会促进炎症反应。运动员在进行剧烈运动后，尤其是参加耐力项目的运动员，患病几率通常较高，不仅主要表现为上呼吸道疾病，还包括胃肠道问题。很可能这种高发病率很大程度上是由于在例如马拉松、铁人三项或其他耐力项目后没有给予足够的恢复时间。文中给出了适度运动与耐力运动中上呼吸道疾病发病率的两个例子。近年来，越来越多的研究调查了这些疾病发作的起源、症状和发病率，并试图通过补充剂、运动食品或免疫营养来缓解症状。本综述的一个方面讨论了缺铁问题，缺铁主要被认为会影响细胞介导的免疫。文中还讨论了免疫营养，以及研究新陈代谢与免疫功能之间联系的新技术。
