Walsh Kathleen Marie, Saab Bechara J, Farb Norman As
Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Mobio Interactive Inc, Biomedical Zone, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
JMIR Ment Health. 2019 Jan 8;6(1):e10844. doi: 10.2196/10844.
Mindfulness training (MT) includes a variety of contemplative practices aimed at promoting intentional awareness of experience, coupled with attitudes of nonjudgment and curiosity. Following the success of 8-week, manualized group interventions, MT has been implemented in a variety of modalities, including smartphone apps that seek to replicate the success of group interventions. However, although smartphone apps are scalable and accessible to a wider swath of population, their benefits remain largely untested.
This study aimed to investigate a newly developed MT app called Wildflowers, which was codeveloped with the laboratory for use in mindfulness research. It was hypothesized that 3 weeks of MT through this app would improve subjective well-being, attentional control, and interoceptive integration, albeit with weaker effects than those published in the 8 week, manualized group intervention literature.
Undergraduate students completed 3 weeks of MT with Wildflowers (n=45) or 3 weeks of cognitive training with a game called 2048 (n=41). State training effects were assessed through pre- and postsession ratings of current mood, stress level, and heart rate. Trait training effects were assessed through pre- and postintervention questionnaires canvassing subjective well-being and behavioral task measures of attentional control and interoceptive integration. State and trait training data were analyzed in a multilevel model using emergent latent factors (acceptance, awareness, and openness) to summarize the trait questionnaire battery.
Analyses revealed both state and trait effects specific to MT; participants engaging in MT demonstrated improved mood (r=.14) and a reduction of stress (r=-.13) immediately after each training session compared with before the training session and decreased postsession stress over 3 weeks (r=-.08). In addition, MT relative to cognitive training resulted in greater improvements in attentional control (r=-.24). Interestingly, both groups demonstrated increased subjective ratings of awareness (r=.28) and acceptance (r=.23) from pre- to postintervention, with greater changes in acceptance for the MT group trending (r=.21).
MT, using a smartphone app, may provide immediate effects on mood and stress while also providing long-term benefits for attentional control. Although further investigation is warranted, there is evidence that with continued usage, MT via a smartphone app may provide long-term benefits in changing how one relates to their inner and outer experiences.
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03783793; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03783793 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/75EF2ehst).
正念训练（MT）包括多种冥想练习，旨在促进对体验的有意觉察，并伴有非评判和好奇的态度。在为期8周的标准化团体干预取得成功之后，正念训练已通过多种方式实施，包括旨在复制团体干预成功经验的智能手机应用程序。然而，尽管智能手机应用程序具有可扩展性且能被更广泛的人群使用，但其益处仍 largely未经测试。
本研究旨在调查一款名为“野花”的新开发的正念训练应用程序，该应用程序是与实验室共同开发用于正念研究的。研究假设是，通过该应用程序进行3周的正念训练将改善主观幸福感、注意力控制和内感受整合，尽管其效果比8周标准化团体干预文献中报道的要弱。
本科生完成了3周的“野花”正念训练（n = 45）或3周的名为“2048”的游戏认知训练（n = 41）。通过训练前后对当前情绪、压力水平和心率的评分来评估状态训练效果。通过干预前后的问卷来评估特质训练效果，问卷涉及主观幸福感以及注意力控制和内感受整合的行为任务测量。使用新兴潜在因素（接纳、觉察和开放性）在多水平模型中分析状态和特质训练数据，以总结特质问卷组。
分析揭示了正念训练特有的状态和特质效应；与训练前相比，参与正念训练的参与者在每次训练后立即表现出情绪改善（r = 0.14）和压力减轻（r = -0.13），并且在3周内训练后的压力降低（r = -0.08）。此外，与认知训练相比，正念训练在注意力控制方面有更大的改善（r = -0.24）。有趣的是，两组从干预前到干预后在觉察（r = 0.28）和接纳（r = 0.23）的主观评分上都有所增加，正念训练组在接纳方面的变化更大（r = 0.21）。
使用智能手机应用程序进行正念训练可能会对情绪和压力产生即时影响，同时也能为注意力控制带来长期益处。尽管有必要进行进一步调查，但有证据表明，随着持续使用，通过智能手机应用程序进行的正念训练可能会在改变一个人与内在和外在体验的关系方面带来长期益处。
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03783793；https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03783793（由WebCite存档于http://www.webcitation.org/75EF2ehst）。
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