Kuipers H, Keizer H A
Department of Physiology, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Sports Med. 1988 Aug;6(2):79-92. doi: 10.2165/00007256-198806020-00003.
Overtraining is an imbalance between training and recovery. Short term overtraining or 'over-reaching' is reversible within days to weeks. Fatigue accompanied by a number of physical and psychological symptoms in the athlete is an indication of 'staleness' or 'overtraining syndrome'. Staleness is a dysfunction of the neuroendocrine system, localised at hypothalamic level. Staleness may occur when physical and emotional stress exceeds the individual coping capacity. However, the precise mechanism has yet to be established. Clinically the syndrome can be divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic types, based upon the predominance of sympathetic or parasympathetic activity, respectively. The syndrome and its clinical manifestation can be explained as a stress response. At present, no sensitive and specific tests are available to prevent or diagnose overtraining. The diagnosis is based on the medical history and the clinical presentation. Complete recovery may take weeks to months.
过度训练是训练与恢复之间的失衡。短期过度训练或“过度疲劳”在数天至数周内是可逆的。运动员出现伴有多种身体和心理症状的疲劳是“状态不佳”或“过度训练综合征”的表现。状态不佳是神经内分泌系统的功能障碍，定位于下丘脑水平。当身体和情绪压力超过个体应对能力时，可能会出现状态不佳。然而，确切机制尚未明确。临床上，该综合征可根据交感神经或副交感神经活动的优势分别分为交感神经型和副交感神经型。该综合征及其临床表现可解释为一种应激反应。目前，尚无敏感且特异的测试可用于预防或诊断过度训练。诊断基于病史和临床表现。完全恢复可能需要数周至数月时间。
