USDA/APHIS/WS-NRMP, 59 Chennell Dr, Suite 2, Concord, NH, 03301, USA.
USDA/APHIS/WS National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Fort Collins, CO, 80521-2154, USA.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019 Apr;26(10):9816-9822. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-04200-7. Epub 2019 Feb 8.
Raccoon rabies in eastern USA is managed by strategically distributing oral rabies vaccine (ORV) baits. The attractiveness, palativity, density, and non-target species bait take affect ORV effectiveness. We examined raccoon and non-target species differences in investigating/removing fish-meal polymer and coated sachet baits applied to simulate two aerial bait distribution densities. Bait densities of 150 baits/km and 75 baits/km were evaluated, respectively, in zones expected to have high and low raccoon densities. Three primary non-target species visited baits: coyotes, white-tailed deer, and feral swine. The proportion of bait stations visited by raccoons during 1 week observation periods ranged from 50 to 70%, exceeding non-target species visitation. Raccoon take rates for visited baits averaged from 59 to 100%. Raccoon visitation was similar for both bait densities, indicating a proportionally greater quantity of baits were taken in the higher bait density zone. Coyote visitation rates ranged from 16 to 26%, with take rates for visited baits between 46 and 100%. Coyotes were expected to take baits intended for raccoons, because similar baits are applied to vaccinate coyotes. Deer regularly investigated but rarely took baits. Feral swine were in low abundance in the high bait density zone (higher human density) and visited ≤ 1% of baits there but visited baits at frequencies similar to coyotes and deer in the low-density zone and were likely to take encountered baits (63-100%). Non-target bait consumption could be a concern in some circumstances for achieving sufficient raccoon sero-conversion rates.
美国东部的浣熊狂犬病通过有策略地分发口服狂犬病疫苗（ORV）诱饵来管理。诱饵的吸引力、适口性、密度和非目标物种都会影响 ORV 的效果。我们研究了浣熊和非目标物种在调查/清除鱼粉聚合物和涂覆小袋诱饵方面的差异，这些诱饵用于模拟两种空中诱饵分布密度。分别评估了诱饵密度为 150 个/公里和 75 个/公里的情况，分别在预计有高和低浣熊密度的区域进行评估。三种主要的非目标物种（郊狼、白尾鹿和野猪）访问了诱饵。在 1 周观察期内，访问诱饵站的浣熊比例从 50%到 70%不等，超过了非目标物种的访问量。访问过的诱饵中，浣熊的取食率平均从 59%到 100%不等。两种诱饵密度下的浣熊访问量相似，表明在较高的诱饵密度区域，取食的诱饵数量比例更大。郊狼的访问率从 16%到 26%不等，取食访问过的诱饵的比例从 46%到 100%不等。预计郊狼会取食原本打算给浣熊的诱饵，因为类似的诱饵也用于给郊狼接种疫苗。鹿经常调查但很少取食诱饵。野猪在高诱饵密度区（更高的人类密度）的数量较少，仅访问了≤1%的诱饵，但在低密度区与郊狼和鹿的访问频率相似，很可能取食遇到的诱饵（63%-100%）。在某些情况下，非目标诱饵的消耗可能会引起关注，因为这可能会影响达到足够的 raccoon 血清转化率。
