Manou Dimitra, Caon Ilaria, Bouris Panagiotis, Triantaphyllidou Irene-Eva, Giaroni Cristina, Passi Alberto, Karamanos Nikos K, Vigetti Davide, Theocharis Achilleas D
Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
Methods Mol Biol. 2019;1952:1-20. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9133-4_1.
Extracellular matrix (ECM) maintains the structural integrity of tissues and regulates cell and tissue functions. ECM is comprised of fibrillar proteins, proteoglycans (PGs), glycosaminoglycans, and glycoproteins, creating a heterogeneous but well-orchestrated network. This network communicates with resident cells via cell-surface receptors. In particular, integrins, CD44, discoidin domain receptors, and cell-surface PGs and additionally voltage-gated ion channels can interact with ECM components, regulating signaling cascades as well as cytoskeleton configuration. The interplay of ECM with recipient cells is enriched by the extracellular vesicles, as they accommodate ECM, signaling, and cytoskeleton molecules in their cargo. Along with the numerous biological properties that ECM can modify, autophagy and angiogenesis, which are critical for tissue homeostasis, are included. Throughout development and disease onset and progression, ECM endures rearrangement to fulfill cellular requirements. The main responsible molecules for tissue remodeling are ECM-degrading enzymes including matrix metalloproteinases, plasminogen activators, cathepsins, and hyaluronidases, which can modify the ECM structure and function in a dynamic mode. A brief summary of the complex interplay between ECM macromolecules and cells in tissues and the contribution of ECM in tissue homeostasis and diseases is given.
细胞外基质（ECM）维持组织的结构完整性并调节细胞和组织功能。ECM由纤维状蛋白、蛋白聚糖（PGs）、糖胺聚糖和糖蛋白组成，形成一个异质性但精心编排的网络。该网络通过细胞表面受体与驻留细胞进行通讯。特别是，整合素、CD44、盘状结构域受体以及细胞表面PGs，此外电压门控离子通道也可以与ECM成分相互作用，调节信号级联反应以及细胞骨架构型。细胞外囊泡丰富了ECM与受体细胞之间的相互作用，因为它们在其货物中容纳了ECM、信号分子和细胞骨架分子。除了ECM可以改变的众多生物学特性外，自噬和血管生成对组织稳态至关重要，也包括在内。在整个发育过程以及疾病的发生和发展过程中，ECM会进行重排以满足细胞需求。组织重塑的主要负责分子是ECM降解酶，包括基质金属蛋白酶、纤溶酶原激活剂、组织蛋白酶和透明质酸酶，它们可以动态方式改变ECM的结构和功能。本文给出了ECM大分子与组织中的细胞之间复杂相互作用以及ECM在组织稳态和疾病中的作用的简要总结。
