Glenski J A, Cucchiara R F, Michenfelder J D
Anesthesiology. 1986 May;64(5):541-5. doi: 10.1097/00000542-198605000-00001.
The sensitivities of current monitoring methods for detection of air embolism were compared in eight anesthetized dogs. Air was infused at controlled rates of 0.001 and 0.005 ml X kg-1 X min-1 for 1 min; 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 ml X kg-1 X min-1 for 6 min; and 5 ml X kg-1 bolus injection. Based on the mean quantity of air infused to elicit a positive response, the monitors could be placed into three significantly different sensitivity groups. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and precordial Doppler ultrasound were the most sensitive monitoring methods detecting 0.19 and 0.24 ml X kg-1 of air, respectively. TEE detected air during six infusions in which the Doppler failed to do so. The next most sensitive group of monitoring methods included pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2), arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), and transcutaneous oxygen tension (PtcO2). The mean quantity of air infused to elicit a positive response in this group of monitors ranged from 0.61 to 0.76 ml X kg-1. The response of PtcO2, PaO2, PETCO2, and PAP equally reflected the quantity of air infused. The least-sensitive group of methods included arterial and transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension and systemic arterial blood pressure. These data indicate that TEE is more sensitive than Doppler ultrasound and that PAP, PETCO2, and PtcO2 are equally sensitive in detecting venous air embolism in the dog.
在八只麻醉犬中比较了当前用于检测空气栓塞的监测方法的敏感性。以0.001和0.005 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹的控制速率注入空气1分钟；以0.01、0.05、0.1、0.2和0.4 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹的速率注入空气6分钟；并进行5 ml·kg⁻¹的推注。根据引发阳性反应的平均注入空气量，监测仪可分为三个敏感性显著不同的组。经食管超声心动图（TEE）和心前区多普勒超声是最敏感的监测方法，分别能检测到0.19和0.24 ml·kg⁻¹的空气。在六次注入过程中TEE检测到了空气，而多普勒未能检测到。其次敏感的监测方法组包括肺动脉压（PAP）、呼气末二氧化碳分压（PETCO₂）、动脉血氧分压（PaO₂）和经皮血氧分压（PtcO₂）。在这组监测仪中引发阳性反应的平均注入空气量范围为0.61至0.76 ml·kg⁻¹。PtcO₂、PaO₂、PETCO₂和PAP的反应同样反映了注入的空气量。最不敏感的方法组包括动脉和经皮二氧化碳分压以及体循环动脉血压。这些数据表明，TEE比多普勒超声更敏感，并且PAP、PETCO₂和PtcO₂在检测犬静脉空气栓塞方面同样敏感。
