Fishman Samuel H, Morgan S Philip, Hummer Robert A
Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 155 Hamilton Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 206 W. Franklin St., Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA.
Popul Res Policy Rev. 2018 Oct;37(5):795-824. doi: 10.1007/s11113-018-9487-z. Epub 2018 Aug 23.
The Hispanic Paradox in birth outcomes is well documented for the US as a whole, but little work has considered geographic variation underlying the national pattern. This inquiry is important given the rapid growth of the Hispanic population and its geographic dispersion. Using birth records data from 2014 through 2016, we document state variation in birthweight differentials between US-born white women and the three Hispanic populations with the largest numbers of births: US-born Mexican women, foreign-born Mexican women, and foreign-born Central and South American women. Our analyses reveal substantial geographic variation in Hispanic immigrant-white low birthweight disparities. For example, Hispanic immigrants in Southeastern states and in some states from other regions have reduced risk of low birthweight relative to whites, consistent with a "Hispanic Paradox." A significant portion of Hispanic immigrants' birthweight advantage in these states is explained by lower rates of smoking relative to whites. However, Hispanic immigrants have higher rates of low birthweight in California and several other Western states. The different state patterns are largely driven by geographic variation in smoking among whites, rather than geographic differences in Hispanic immigrants' birthweights. In contrast, US-born Mexicans generally have similar or slightly higher odds of low birthweight than whites across the US. Overall, we show that the Hispanic Paradox in birthweight varies quite dramatically by state, driven by geographic variation in low birthweight among whites associated with white smoking disparities across states.
西班牙裔在出生结果方面的“悖论”在美国全国范围内都有充分记录，但很少有研究考虑到这一全国模式背后的地理差异。鉴于西班牙裔人口的快速增长及其地理分布，这项调查很重要。利用2014年至2016年的出生记录数据，我们记录了美国出生的白人女性与出生人数最多的三个西班牙裔群体之间出生体重差异的州际变化：美国出生的墨西哥女性、外国出生的墨西哥女性以及外国出生的中美洲和南美洲女性。我们的分析揭示了西班牙裔移民与白人之间低出生体重差异存在显著的地理变化。例如，东南部各州以及其他一些地区的部分州的西班牙裔移民相对于白人而言，低出生体重风险降低，这与“西班牙裔悖论”相符。这些州的西班牙裔移民出生体重优势的很大一部分原因是相对于白人而言吸烟率较低。然而，在加利福尼亚州和其他几个西部州，西班牙裔移民的低出生体重率较高。不同的州模式在很大程度上是由白人吸烟的地理差异驱动的，而非西班牙裔移民出生体重的地理差异。相比之下，在美国，美国出生的墨西哥人总体上低出生体重的几率与白人相似或略高。总体而言，我们表明，出生体重方面的西班牙裔悖论在各州差异很大，这是由各州白人低出生体重的地理差异以及白人吸烟差异驱动的。
