Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany.
Front Immunol. 2019 Mar 8;10:426. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00426. eCollection 2019.
Mammals co-exist with resident microbial ecosystem that is composed of an incredible number and diversity of bacteria, viruses and fungi. Owing to direct contact between resident microbes and mucosal surfaces, both parties are in continuous and complex interactions resulting in important functional consequences. These interactions govern immune homeostasis, host response to infection, vaccination and cancer, as well as predisposition to metabolic, inflammatory and neurological disorders. Here, we discuss recent studies on direct and indirect effects of resident microbiota on regulatory T cells (T) and Th17 cells at the cellular and molecular level. We review mechanisms by which commensal microbes influence mucosa in the context of bioactive molecules derived from resident bacteria, immune senescence, chronic inflammation and cancer. Lastly, we discuss potential therapeutic applications of microbiota alterations and microbial derivatives, for improving resilience of mucosal immunity and combating immunopathology.
哺乳动物与常驻微生物生态系统共存，该系统由数量惊人且多样化的细菌、病毒和真菌组成。由于常驻微生物与黏膜表面直接接触，双方持续进行复杂的相互作用，从而产生重要的功能后果。这些相互作用控制着免疫稳态、宿主对感染、疫苗接种和癌症的反应，以及代谢、炎症和神经紊乱的易感性。在这里，我们讨论了常驻微生物群落在细胞和分子水平上对调节性 T 细胞 (T) 和 Th17 细胞的直接和间接影响的最新研究。我们回顾了共生微生物通过源自常驻细菌的生物活性分子、免疫衰老、慢性炎症和癌症影响黏膜的机制。最后，我们讨论了改变微生物群和微生物衍生物的潜在治疗应用，以提高黏膜免疫的弹性并对抗免疫病理学。
