Kachel Sven, Steffens Melanie C, Niedlich Claudia
Department of Social and Economic Psychology, University of Koblenz and Landau Landau, Germany.
Front Psychol. 2016 Jul 5;7:956. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00956. eCollection 2016.
Gender stereotype theory suggests that men are generally perceived as more masculine than women, whereas women are generally perceived as more feminine than men. Several scales have been developed to measure fundamental aspects of gender stereotypes (e.g., agency and communion, competence and warmth, or instrumentality and expressivity). Although omitted in later version, Bem's original Sex Role Inventory included the items "masculine" and "feminine" in addition to more specific gender-stereotypical attributes. We argue that it is useful to be able to measure these two core concepts in a reliable, valid, and parsimonious way. We introduce a new and brief scale, the Traditional Masculinity-Femininity (TMF) scale, designed to assess central facets of self-ascribed masculinity-femininity. Studies 1-2 used known-groups approaches (participants differing in gender and sexual orientation) to validate the scale and provide evidence of its convergent validity. As expected the TMF reliably measured a one-dimensional masculinity-femininity construct. Moreover, the TMF correlated moderately with other gender-related measures. Demonstrating incremental validity, the TMF predicted gender and sexual orientation in a superior way than established adjective-based measures. Furthermore, the TMF was connected to criterion characteristics, such as judgments as straight by laypersons for the whole sample, voice pitch characteristics for the female subsample, and contact to gay men for the male subsample, and outperformed other gender-related scales. Taken together, as long as gender differences continue to exist, we suggest that the TMF provides a valuable methodological addition for research into gender stereotypes.
性别刻板印象理论表明，人们通常认为男性比女性更具男子气概，而女性比男性更具女性特质。已经开发了几种量表来测量性别刻板印象的基本方面（例如，能动性与社群性、能力与热情，或工具性与表达性）。尽管在后来的版本中被省略，但贝姆最初的性别角色量表除了更具体的性别刻板印象属性外，还包括了“男性化”和“女性化”项目。我们认为，能够以可靠、有效且简洁的方式测量这两个核心概念是很有用的。我们引入了一种新的简短量表，即传统男性气质-女性气质（TMF）量表，旨在评估自我归因的男性气质-女性气质的核心方面。研究1-2使用已知群体方法（参与者在性别和性取向上存在差异）来验证该量表，并提供其收敛效度的证据。正如预期的那样，TMF可靠地测量了一个一维的男性气质-女性气质结构。此外，TMF与其他性别相关测量存在适度相关性。TMF显示出增量效度，在预测性别和性取向方面比既定的基于形容词的测量方法表现更优。此外，TMF与标准特征相关，例如整个样本中被外行人判断为异性恋、女性子样本的音高特征，以及男性子样本与男同性恋者的接触，并且优于其他性别相关量表。综上所述，只要性别差异继续存在，我们建议TMF为性别刻板印象研究提供了一种有价值的方法补充。
