Social and Legal Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Binger Str. 14-16, 55122, Mainz, Germany.
Social and Legal Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Arch Sex Behav. 2023 Apr;52(3):1095-1104. doi: 10.1007/s10508-023-02584-9. Epub 2023 Mar 21.
People assign attributes to a different degree to other persons depending on whether these are male or female (sex role stereotypes). Such stereotypes continue to exist even in countries with lower gender inequality. The present research tested the idea that parents develop sex role consistent expectations of their babies' attributes based on fetal sex (by ultrasound diagnostic), as well as gendered perceptions of their recently newborn babies. A total of 304 dyads of predominantly White expecting parents from Germany were followed over the course of pregnancy until after the birth and completed a sex role inventory on their babies' expected (before birth) as well as perceived traits (after birth). Specifically, they rated to what extent they expected their babies to have normatively feminine traits (e.g., soft-spoken and warm) and normatively masculine traits (e.g., independent and assertive) twice before birth (first half of pregnancy, six weeks before due date) and to what extent they perceived their baby to have these traits eight weeks after birth. The results suggested that fathers held gendered expectations and perceptions, whereas mothers did not. These results suggest that male and female babies are likely to encounter sex role stereotypes about their alleged attributes as soon as their birth.
人们会根据他人的性别（性别角色刻板印象）赋予不同程度的属性。即使在性别不平等程度较低的国家，这种刻板印象仍然存在。本研究检验了这样一种观点，即父母会根据胎儿的性别（通过超声诊断）以及对新生儿的性别认知，对婴儿的属性产生性别一致的期望。共有 304 对来自德国的白种人 expecting parents 在怀孕期间一直参与研究，直到婴儿出生后，并对他们婴儿的预期（出生前）和感知特征（出生后）进行了性别角色评估。具体来说，他们两次在出生前（怀孕的前半段，预产期前六周）评估他们期望婴儿具有何种程度的规范性女性特征（如温柔和温暖）和规范性男性特征（如独立和自信），以及在婴儿出生后八周评估他们感知到婴儿具有这些特征的程度。结果表明，父亲持有性别期望和认知，而母亲则没有。这些结果表明，男婴和女婴在出生后不久就可能遇到关于其所谓属性的性别角色刻板印象。
