Department of Textile Technology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600025, India.
Department of Ceramic Technology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600025, India.
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2019 Jul;392(7):755-771. doi: 10.1007/s00210-019-01666-7. Epub 2019 May 17.
Developments in nanotechnology field, specifically, metal oxide nanoparticles have attracted the attention of researchers due to their unique sensing, electronic, drug delivery, catalysis, optoelectronics, cosmetics, and space applications. Physicochemical methods are used to fabricate nanosized metal oxides; however, drawbacks such as high cost and toxic chemical involvement prevail. Recent researches focus on synthesizing metal oxide nanoparticles through green chemistry which helps in avoiding the involvement of toxic chemicals in the synthesis process. Bacteria, fungi, and plants are the biological sources that are utilized for the green nanoparticle synthesis. Due to drawbacks such as tedious maintenance and the time needed for the nanoparticle formation, plant extracts are widely used in nanoparticle production. In addition, plants are available all over the world and phytosynthesized nanoparticles show comparatively less toxicity towards mammalian cells. Secondary metabolites including flavonoids, terpenoids, and saponins are present in plant extracts, and these are highly responsible for nanoparticle formation and reduction of toxicity. Hence, this article gives an overview of recent developments in the phytosynthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles and their toxic analysis in various cells and animal models. Also, their possible mechanism in normal and cancer cells, pharmaceutical applications, and their efficiency in disease treatment are also discussed.
纳米技术领域的发展，特别是金属氧化物纳米粒子，由于其独特的传感、电子、药物输送、催化、光电、化妆品和太空应用，引起了研究人员的关注。物理化学方法被用于制造纳米级金属氧化物；然而，高成本和有毒化学物质的参与等缺点仍然存在。最近的研究集中在通过绿色化学合成金属氧化物纳米粒子，这有助于避免在合成过程中涉及有毒化学物质。细菌、真菌和植物是用于绿色纳米粒子合成的生物来源。由于繁琐的维护和形成纳米粒子所需的时间等缺点，植物提取物被广泛用于纳米粒子的生产。此外，植物在世界各地都有，并且植物合成的纳米粒子对哺乳动物细胞的毒性相对较低。植物提取物中存在黄酮类、萜类和皂苷等次生代谢物，这些物质对纳米粒子的形成和降低毒性起着至关重要的作用。因此，本文综述了金属氧化物纳米粒子的植物合成及其在各种细胞和动物模型中的毒性分析的最新进展。此外，还讨论了它们在正常细胞和癌细胞中的可能作用机制、药物应用以及在疾病治疗中的效果。
