Center of Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 10, 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland.
School of Health Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Rue des Caroubiers 25, 1227 Carouge, Geneva, Switzerland.
Nutrients. 2019 May 19;11(5):1117. doi: 10.3390/nu11051117.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends reducing free sugars to less than 10% of total energy intake (TEI) due to their potential implications in weight gain and dental caries. Our objectives were to (1) estimate the intake of total, added, and free sugars, (2) define the main sugar sources, and (3) evaluate the adherence to sugar guidelines. The first national nutrition survey 2014-2015 included non-institutional adults aged 18-75 years. Diet was assessed with two non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls in 2057 participants. Added and free sugar content was systematically estimated by two dietitians using available information from the manufacturer and/or standard recipe/composition. Usual daily intake distributions were modeled and weighted for sampling design, non-response, weekdays, and seasons. Total, added, and free sugar intake was respectively 107 g (±44), 53 g (±36), and 65 g (±40), representing 19%, 9%, and 11% of TEI. Sugar consumption was higher among younger adults and lower among people living in the Italian-speaking region. The three main food sources of free sugars were: (1) sweet products (47% of total free sugars), in particular sweet spreads (15%) and cakes/cookies (11%); (2) beverages (29%), mainly fruit and vegetable juices (13%), and sugar-sweetened beverages (12%, but 20% in younger adults); and (3) dairy products (9%), with yogurt accounting for 6%. Respectively, 44% of women and 45% of men had free sugar intake below 10% of TEI. Of people aged between 18-29, 30-64, and 65-75 years, 36%, 45%, and 53% had free sugar intake below 10% of TEI, respectively. The prevalence of Swiss people with free sugar intake that was <5% of the TEI was 8%. Adherence to the WHO recommendations guidelines was generally low in Switzerland, particularly among young adults, and in line with other high-income countries.
世界卫生组织（WHO）建议将游离糖摄入量减少到总能量摄入（TEI）的 10%以下，因为游离糖可能会导致体重增加和龋齿。我们的目标是：（1）估计总糖、添加糖和游离糖的摄入量；（2）确定主要的糖源；（3）评估对糖摄入指南的遵守情况。2014-2015 年首次全国营养调查包括年龄在 18-75 岁的非机构成年人。饮食通过 2057 名参与者的两次非连续 24 小时膳食回忆进行评估。添加糖和游离糖含量由两名营养师使用制造商和/或标准配方/组成提供的信息进行系统估计。通常每日摄入量分布根据抽样设计、无应答、工作日和季节进行建模和加权。总糖、添加糖和游离糖的摄入量分别为 107 克（±44）、53 克（±36）和 65 克（±40），分别占 TEI 的 19%、9%和 11%。年轻成年人的糖摄入量较高，而居住在意大利语区的人的糖摄入量较低。游离糖的三个主要食物来源是：（1）甜味产品（占总游离糖的 47%），特别是甜味 spreads（15%）和蛋糕/饼干（11%）；（2）饮料（29%），主要是果蔬汁（13%）和含糖饮料（12%，但在年轻成年人中为 20%）；（3）乳制品（9%），其中酸奶占 6%。分别有 44%的女性和 45%的男性游离糖摄入量低于 TEI 的 10%。18-29 岁、30-64 岁和 65-75 岁的人群中，分别有 36%、45%和 53%的人游离糖摄入量低于 TEI 的 10%。游离糖摄入量低于 TEI 的 5%的瑞士人占 8%。瑞士人对 WHO 推荐指南的遵守情况总体较低，尤其是在年轻成年人中，与其他高收入国家一致。
