Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
Biostatistics and Analysis Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
Nutrients. 2019 May 30;11(6):1234. doi: 10.3390/nu11061234.
Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is a form of intermittent fasting that involves having a longer daily fasting period. Preliminary studies report that TRF improves cardiometabolic health in rodents and humans. Here, we performed the first study to determine how TRF affects gene expression, circulating hormones, and diurnal patterns in cardiometabolic risk factors in humans. Eleven overweight adults participated in a 4-day randomized crossover study where they ate between 8 am and 2 pm (early TRF (eTRF)) and between 8 am and 8 pm (control schedule). Participants underwent continuous glucose monitoring, and blood was drawn to assess cardiometabolic risk factors, hormones, and gene expression in whole blood cells. Relative to the control schedule, eTRF decreased mean 24-hour glucose levels by 4 ± 1 mg/dl ( = 0.0003) and glycemic excursions by 12 ± 3 mg/dl ( = 0.001). In the morning before breakfast, eTRF increased ketones, cholesterol, and the expression of the stress response and aging gene and the autophagy gene (all < 0.04), while in the evening, it tended to increase brain-derived neurotropic factor (BNDF; = 0.10) and also increased the expression of ( = 0.007), a major nutrient-sensing protein that regulates cell growth. eTRF also altered the diurnal patterns in cortisol and the expression of several circadian clock genes ( < 0.05). eTRF improves 24-hour glucose levels, alters lipid metabolism and circadian clock gene expression, and may also increase autophagy and have anti-aging effects in humans.
限时进食（TRF）是一种间歇性禁食形式，涉及更长的日常禁食期。初步研究报告称，TRF 可改善啮齿动物和人类的心脏代谢健康。在这里，我们进行了第一项研究，以确定 TRF 如何影响人类心脏代谢风险因素的基因表达、循环激素和昼夜节律模式。11 名超重成年人参与了为期 4 天的随机交叉研究，他们在上午 8 点到下午 2 点（早期 TRF（eTRF））和上午 8 点到下午 8 点（对照方案）之间进食。参与者接受了连续血糖监测，并抽取血液评估心脏代谢风险因素、激素和全血细胞中的基因表达。与对照方案相比，eTRF 使 24 小时平均血糖水平降低了 4 ± 1mg/dl（ = 0.0003），血糖波动降低了 12 ± 3mg/dl（ = 0.001）。在早餐前的早晨，eTRF 增加了酮体、胆固醇和应激反应及衰老基因 和自噬基因 的表达（均 < 0.04），而在晚上，它倾向于增加脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF； = 0.10），并增加主要的营养感应蛋白的表达 （ = 0.007），它调节细胞生长。eTRF 还改变了皮质醇和几个昼夜节律基因表达的昼夜节律模式（ < 0.05）。eTRF 改善 24 小时血糖水平，改变脂质代谢和昼夜节律基因表达，并且可能还增加自噬并具有抗衰老作用。
