Rinaldi Luca, Karmiloff-Smith Annette
Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.
Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milano 20126, Italy.
J Intell. 2017 Apr 29;5(2):18. doi: 10.3390/jintelligence5020018.
The concept of intelligence encompasses the mental abilities necessary to survival and advancement in any environmental context. Attempts to grasp this multifaceted concept through a relatively simple operationalization have fostered the notion that individual differences in intelligence can often be expressed by a single score. This predominant position has contributed to expect intelligence profiles to remain substantially stable over the course of ontogenetic development and, more generally, across the life-span. These tendencies, however, are biased by the still limited number of empirical reports taking a developmental perspective on intelligence. Viewing intelligence as a dynamic concept, indeed, implies the need to identify full developmental trajectories, to assess how genes, brain, cognition, and environment interact with each other. In the present paper, we describe how a neuroconstructivist approach better explains why intelligence can rise or fall over development, as a result of a fluctuating interaction between the developing system itself and the environmental factors involved at different times across ontogenesis.
智力的概念涵盖了在任何环境背景下生存和进步所必需的心理能力。试图通过相对简单的操作化来理解这个多方面的概念，催生了这样一种观念，即智力的个体差异通常可以用一个单一分数来表示。这种主导地位促使人们期望智力概况在个体发育过程中，更普遍地说，在整个生命周期中保持基本稳定。然而，这些趋势受到了从发展角度看待智力的实证报告数量仍然有限的影响。事实上，将智力视为一个动态概念意味着需要确定完整的发展轨迹，评估基因、大脑、认知和环境如何相互作用。在本文中，我们描述了神经建构主义方法如何更好地解释为什么由于发育系统本身与个体发育过程中不同时间涉及的环境因素之间的波动相互作用，智力在发育过程中会上升或下降。
