Wilson Patrick B
Human Movement Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
Sports (Basel). 2019 Jul 4;7(7):162. doi: 10.3390/sports7070162.
Exercise-associated gastrointestinal (GI) distress can negatively impact athletic performance and interfere with exercise training. Although there are a few universal underlying causes of GI distress, each symptom often has its own unique triggers and, therefore, its own prevention and management strategies. One of the most troubling GI symptoms an athlete can experience during training and competition is nausea/vomiting. The prevalence of nausea varies with several factors, two of the most important being exercise intensity and duration. Relatively brief, high-intensity exercise (e.g., sprinting, tempo runs) and ultra-endurance exercise are both associated with more frequent and severe nausea. The potential causes of nausea in sport are numerous and can include catecholamine secretion, hypohydration, heat stress, hyponatremia, altitude exposure, excessive fluid/food consumption, hypertonic beverage intake, pre-exercise intake of fatty- or protein-rich foods (especially in close proximity to exercise), prolonged fasting, various supplements (caffeine, sodium bicarbonate, ketones), certain drugs (antibiotics, opioids), GI infections, and competition-related anxiety. Beyond directly addressing these aforementioned causes, antiemetic drugs (e.g., ondansetron) may also be useful for alleviating nausea in some competitive situations. Given the commonness of nausea in sport and its potential impact on exercise performance, athletes and sports medicine practitioners should be aware of the origins of nausea and strategies for dealing with this troublesome gut complaint.
运动相关的胃肠道（GI）不适会对运动表现产生负面影响，并干扰运动训练。虽然胃肠道不适有一些普遍的潜在原因，但每种症状往往有其独特的触发因素，因此也有其自身的预防和管理策略。运动员在训练和比赛期间可能经历的最令人困扰的胃肠道症状之一是恶心/呕吐。恶心的发生率受多种因素影响，其中两个最重要的因素是运动强度和持续时间。相对短暂的高强度运动（如短跑、节奏跑）和超长耐力运动都与更频繁、更严重的恶心有关。运动中恶心的潜在原因众多，可能包括儿茶酚胺分泌、水分摄入不足、热应激、低钠血症、高原暴露、过多的液体/食物摄入、高渗饮料摄入、运动前摄入富含脂肪或蛋白质的食物（尤其是在运动临近时）、长时间禁食、各种补充剂（咖啡因、碳酸氢钠、酮类）、某些药物（抗生素、阿片类药物）、胃肠道感染以及与比赛相关的焦虑。除了直接解决上述原因外，在某些比赛情况下，止吐药物（如昂丹司琼）也可能有助于缓解恶心。鉴于恶心在运动中很常见及其对运动表现的潜在影响，运动员和运动医学从业者应该了解恶心的根源以及应对这种令人困扰的肠道问题的策略。
