School of Natural Sciences, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia.
Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environment Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, UK.
Environ Geochem Health. 2020 Apr;42(4):1197-1209. doi: 10.1007/s10653-019-00376-6. Epub 2019 Jul 17.
Potentially harmful elements (PHEs) manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) were measured in human hair/nails, staple crops and drinking water to ascertain the level of exposure to dust transference via wind and rain erosion for members of the Mugala community living near a mine waste dump in the Zambian Copperbelt. The mean PHE concentrations of hair in decreasing order were Zn (137 ± 21 mg/kg), Cu (38 ± 7 mg/kg), Mn (16 ± 2 mg/kg), Pb (4.3 ± 1.9 mg/kg), Ni (1.3 ± 0.2 mg/kg) and Cr (1.2 ± 0.2 mg/kg), Co (0.9 ± 0.2 mg/kg) and Cd (0.30 ± 0.02 mg/kg). Whilst for toenails the decreasing order of mean concentrations was Zn (172 ± 27 mg/kg), Cu (30 ± 5 mg/kg), Mn (12 ± 2 mg/kg), Pb (4.8 ± 0.5 mg/kg), Ni (1.7 ± 0.14 mg/kg) and Co (1.0 ± 0.02 mg/kg), Cr (0.6 ± 0.1 mg/kg) and Cd (0.1 ± 0.002 mg/kg). The concentration of these potentially harmful elements (PHEs) varied greatly among different age groups. The results showed that Mn, Co, Pb, Cd and Zn were above the interval values (Biolab in Nutritional and environmental medicine, Hair Mineral Analysis, London, 2012) at 0.2-2.0 mg/kg for Mn, 0.01-0.20 mg/kg for Co, < 2.00 mg/kg for Pb, < 0.10 mg/kg for Cd and 0.2-2.00 mg/kg for Zn, whilst Ni, Cu and Cr concentrations were within the normal range concentrations of < 1.40 mg/kg, 10-100 mg/kg and 0.1-1.5 mg/kg, respectively. Dietary intake of PHEs was assessed from the ingestion of vegetables grown in Mugala village, with estimated PHE intakes expressed on a daily basis calculated for Mn (255), Pb (48), Ni (149) and Cd (33) µg/kg bw/day. For these metals, DI via vegetables was above the proposed limits of the provisional tolerable daily intakes (PTDIs) (WHO in Evaluation of certain food additive and contaminants, Seventy-third report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 2011) for Mn at 70 µg/kg bw/day, Pb at 3 µg/kg bw/day, Ni and Cd 5 µg/kg bw/day and 1 µg/kg bw/day, respectively. The rest of the PHEs listed were within the PTDIs limits. Therefore, Mugala inhabitants are at imminent health risk due to lead, nickel and cadmium ingestion of vegetables and drinking water at this location.
潜在有害元素（PHEs）锰（Mn）、钴（Co）、铜（Cu）、铅（Pb）、镍（Ni）和锌（Zn）在赞比亚铜带省一个矿区废料堆附近居住的 Mugala 社区的成员的头发/指甲、主食作物和饮用水中进行了测量，以确定通过风和雨水侵蚀从灰尘中接触的程度。头发中 PHE 浓度的平均值按降序排列为 Zn（137±21mg/kg）、Cu（38±7mg/kg）、Mn（16±2mg/kg）、Pb（4.3±1.9mg/kg）、Ni（1.3±0.2mg/kg）和 Cr（1.2±0.2mg/kg）、Co（0.9±0.2mg/kg）和 Cd（0.30±0.02mg/kg）。而对于脚趾甲，平均浓度的降序排列为 Zn（172±27mg/kg）、Cu（30±5mg/kg）、Mn（12±2mg/kg）、Pb（4.8±0.5mg/kg）、Ni（1.7±0.14mg/kg）和 Co（1.0±0.02mg/kg）、Cr（0.6±0.1mg/kg）和 Cd（0.1±0.002mg/kg）。这些潜在有害元素（PHEs）的浓度在不同年龄组之间差异很大。结果表明，Mn、Co、Pb、Cd 和 Zn 的浓度均高于间隔值（Biolab in Nutritional and environmental medicine, Hair Mineral Analysis, London, 2012），Mn 为 0.2-2.0mg/kg，Co 为 0.01-0.20mg/kg，Pb 为<2.00mg/kg，Cd 为<0.10mg/kg，Zn 为 0.2-2.00mg/kg，而 Ni、Cu 和 Cr 的浓度在正常范围内，分别为<1.40mg/kg、10-100mg/kg和 0.1-1.5mg/kg。通过 Mugala 村种植的蔬菜摄入的 PHEs 进行了评估，以每日摄入量表示估计的 PHE 摄入量，Mn（255）、Pb（48）、Ni（149）和 Cd（33）μg/kg bw/day。对于这些金属，通过蔬菜摄入的 DI 超过了暂定可耐受每日摄入量（PTDIs）（世界卫生组织在某些食品添加剂和污染物的评估，第七十三届食品添加剂联合专家委员会和世界卫生组织，2011）的建议值，Mn 为 70μg/kg bw/day，Pb 为 3μg/kg bw/day，Ni 和 Cd 为 5μg/kg bw/day和 1μg/kg bw/day，分别。列出的其余 PHEs 均在 PTDIs 限值内。因此，由于 Mugala 居民摄入该地点的蔬菜和饮用水中的铅、镍和镉，他们面临着迫在眉睫的健康风险。
