Departamento de Bioquimica, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de la Facultad de Medicina Unidad Torreon. Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila (UA de C), Torreon, Mexico.
Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas Unidad Torreon, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila (UA de C), Torreon, Mexico.
Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2019;20(15):1236-1243. doi: 10.2174/1389201020666190716110705.
The immune system is responsible for providing protection to the body against foreign substances. The immune system divides into two types of immune responses to study its mechanisms of protection: 1) Innate and 2) Adaptive. The innate immune response represents the first protective barrier of the organism that also works as a regulator of the adaptive immune response, if evaded the mechanisms of the innate immune response by the foreign substance the adaptive immune response takes action with the consequent antigen neutralization or elimination. The adaptive immune response objective is developing a specific humoral response that consists in the production of soluble proteins known as antibodies capable of specifically recognizing the foreign agent; such protective mechanism is induced artificially through an immunization or vaccination. Unfortunately, the immunogenicity of the antigens is an intrinsic characteristic of the same antigen dependent on several factors.
Vaccine adjuvants are chemical substances of very varied structure that seek to improve the immunogenicity of antigens. The main four types of adjuvants under investigation are the following: 1) Oil emulsions with an antigen in solution, 2) Pattern recognition receptors activating molecules, 3) Inflammatory stimulatory molecules or activators of the inflammasome complex, and 4) Cytokines. However, this paper addresses the biological plausibility of two phytochemical compounds as vaccine adjuvants: 5) Lectins, and 6) Plant phenolics whose characteristics, mechanisms of action and disadvantages are addressed. Finally, the immunological usefulness of these molecules is discussed through immunological data to estimate effects of plant phenolics and lectins as vaccine adjuvants, and current studies that have implanted these molecules as vaccine adjuvants, demonstrating the results of this immunization.
免疫系统负责为身体提供抵御外来物质的保护。免疫系统分为两种免疫反应类型，以研究其保护机制：1）先天免疫和 2）适应性免疫。先天免疫反应代表了机体的第一道保护屏障，同时也是适应性免疫反应的调节剂，如果外来物质逃避了先天免疫反应的机制，适应性免疫反应就会采取行动，随之而来的是抗原中和或消除。适应性免疫反应的目的是产生特异性的体液反应，即产生称为抗体的可溶性蛋白，这些抗体能够特异性地识别外来物质；这种保护机制是通过免疫接种或疫苗接种人为诱导的。不幸的是，抗原的免疫原性是抗原本身的固有特征，取决于几个因素。
疫苗佐剂是结构非常多样化的化学物质，旨在提高抗原的免疫原性。正在研究的主要四种佐剂如下：1）抗原在溶液中的油乳剂，2）识别模式受体的激活分子，3）炎症刺激分子或炎性小体复合物的激活剂，和 4）细胞因子。然而，本文探讨了两种植物化学化合物作为疫苗佐剂的生物学合理性：5）凝集素和 6）植物酚类，其特征、作用机制和缺点都在文中提到。最后，通过免疫数据讨论了这些分子的免疫有用性，以估计植物酚类和凝集素作为疫苗佐剂的效果，以及目前已经将这些分子作为疫苗佐剂进行植入的研究，展示了这种免疫接种的结果。
