Gulino Maurizio, Kim Donghoon, Pané Salvador, Santos Sofia Duque, Pêgo Ana Paula
i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Front Neurosci. 2019 Jul 5;13:689. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00689. eCollection 2019.
The development of implantable neuroelectrodes is advancing rapidly as these tools are becoming increasingly ubiquitous in clinical practice, especially for the treatment of traumatic and neurodegenerative disorders. Electrodes have been exploited in a wide number of neural interface devices, such as deep brain stimulation, which is one of the most successful therapies with proven efficacy in the treatment of diseases like Parkinson or epilepsy. However, one of the main caveats related to the clinical application of electrodes is the nervous tissue response at the injury site, characterized by a cascade of inflammatory events, which culminate in chronic inflammation, and, in turn, result in the failure of the implant over extended periods of time. To overcome current limitations of the most widespread macroelectrode based systems, new design strategies and the development of innovative materials with superior biocompatibility characteristics are currently being investigated. This review describes the current state of the art of , and models available for the study of neural tissue response to implantable microelectrodes. We particularly highlight new models with increased complexity that closely mimic scenarios and that can serve as promising alternatives to animal studies for investigation of microelectrodes in neural tissues. Additionally, we also express our view on the impact of the progress in the field of neural tissue engineering on neural implant research.
随着可植入神经电极在临床实践中越来越普遍，尤其是用于治疗创伤性和神经退行性疾病，其发展迅速。电极已被广泛应用于多种神经接口设备中，如深部脑刺激，这是治疗帕金森病或癫痫等疾病最成功且疗效已得到证实的疗法之一。然而，与电极临床应用相关的一个主要问题是损伤部位的神经组织反应，其特征是一系列炎症事件，最终导致慢性炎症，进而导致植入物在较长时间内失效。为了克服目前最广泛使用的基于宏观电极的系统的局限性，目前正在研究新的设计策略和开发具有卓越生物相容性特性的创新材料。本综述描述了用于研究神经组织对可植入微电极反应的现有技术水平和模型。我们特别强调了具有更高复杂性的新模型，这些模型能紧密模拟实际情况，并且可以作为动物研究的有前景的替代方法，用于研究神经组织中的微电极。此外，我们还表达了对神经组织工程领域进展对神经植入研究影响的看法。
