Center of Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil.
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2019 Jul 31;32(4). doi: 10.1128/CMR.00034-18. Print 2019 Sep 18.
The skin is an organ harboring several types of immune cells that participate in innate and adaptive immune responses. The immune system of the skin comprises both skin cells and professional immune cells that together constitute what is designated skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT). In this review, I extensively discuss the organization of SALT and the mechanisms involved in its responses to infectious diseases of the skin and mucosa. The nature of these SALT responses, and the cellular mediators involved, often determines the clinical course of such infections. I list and describe the components of innate immunity, such as the roles of the keratinocyte barrier and of inflammatory and natural killer cells. I also examine the mechanisms involved in adaptive immune responses, with emphasis on new cytokine profiles, and the role of cell death phenomena in host-pathogen interactions and control of the immune responses to infectious agents. Finally, I highlight the importance of studying SALT in order to better understand host-pathogen relationships involving the skin and detail future directions in the immunological investigation of this organ, especially in light of recent findings regarding the skin immune system.
皮肤是一种器官，其中含有几种类型的免疫细胞，这些细胞参与固有和适应性免疫反应。皮肤的免疫系统包括皮肤细胞和专业免疫细胞，它们共同构成了所谓的皮肤相关淋巴组织 (SALT)。在这篇综述中，我将广泛讨论 SALT 的组织以及其对皮肤和粘膜感染性疾病的反应所涉及的机制。这些 SALT 反应的性质以及涉及的细胞介质通常决定了这些感染的临床过程。我列出并描述了先天免疫的组成部分，例如角质形成细胞屏障以及炎症细胞和自然杀伤细胞的作用。我还研究了适应性免疫反应所涉及的机制，重点是新的细胞因子谱，以及细胞死亡现象在宿主-病原体相互作用和对感染因子的免疫反应控制中的作用。最后，我强调了研究 SALT 的重要性，以便更好地了解涉及皮肤的宿主-病原体关系，并详细阐述了对该器官进行免疫学研究的未来方向，特别是鉴于最近关于皮肤免疫系统的发现。
