Nall Rusty W, Shahan Timothy A
Department of Psychology, Utah State University.
Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2020 Jun;28(3):365-374. doi: 10.1037/pha0000317. Epub 2019 Aug 5.
Alternative reinforcement-based treatments are among the most effective for reducing substance abuse. However, relapse often occurs when alternative reinforcement ends. Relapse following the loss of alternative reinforcement is called resurgence. An animal model has been used to study basic factors that may ultimately reduce resurgence but uses drug unavailability (i.e., extinction) to reduce drug seeking. In humans, drug abstinence is thought to be a product of aversive consequences associated with drug use rather than extinction. This discrepancy is important because the environmental and neurobiological factors involved in relapse may differ between punished and extinguished behavior. Experiment 1 evaluated resurgence of previously punished cocaine seeking. In Phase 1, rats earned cocaine for pressing levers. In Phase 2, cocaine remained available, but lever pressing also produced mild foot shocks while an alternative response produced food pellets for 1 group but not for another group. In Phase 3, alternative reinforcement and punishment were removed and resurgence of cocaine seeking occurred only in rats previously exposed to alternative reinforcement. In Experiment 2, resurgence was evaluated similarly, except that consequences of cocaine seeking (i.e., punishment and cocaine) remained available during Phase 3. Resurgence did not occur in either group during Experiment 2. The animal models of resurgence developed herein could increase translational utility and improve examination of the environmental and neurobiological factors underlying resurgence of drug seeking. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
基于替代强化的治疗方法是减少药物滥用最有效的方法之一。然而，当替代强化结束时，复发往往会发生。替代强化消失后的复发被称为复燃。一种动物模型已被用于研究可能最终减少复燃的基本因素，但该模型使用药物不可用（即消退）来减少觅药行为。在人类中，药物戒断被认为是与药物使用相关的厌恶后果的产物，而不是消退的结果。这种差异很重要，因为参与复发的环境和神经生物学因素在受惩罚行为和消退行为之间可能有所不同。实验1评估了先前受惩罚的可卡因觅药行为的复燃情况。在第1阶段，大鼠通过按压杠杆获得可卡因。在第2阶段，可卡因仍然可用，但按压杠杆也会产生轻微的足部电击，而一种替代反应会为一组大鼠产生食物颗粒，但另一组大鼠则不会。在第3阶段，去除替代强化和惩罚，只有先前接触过替代强化的大鼠出现了可卡因觅药行为的复燃。在实验2中，以类似的方式评估复燃情况，只是在第3阶段可卡因觅药行为的后果（即惩罚和可卡因）仍然存在。在实验2期间，两组均未出现复燃。本文开发的复燃动物模型可以提高转化效用，并改善对觅药行为复燃背后的环境和神经生物学因素的研究。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2020美国心理学会，保留所有权利）
