Liu Ping, Peng Guoping, Zhang Ning, Wang Baohong, Luo Benyan
Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
Department of Neurology, Pujiang People's Hospital, Pujiang, China.
Front Neurol. 2019 Aug 13;10:883. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00883. eCollection 2019.
An increasing amount of evidence suggests that bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the central nervous system (CNS), which is also known as the microbiota-gut-brain axis, plays a key role in the development and function of the brain. For example, alterations or perturbations of the gut microbiota (GM) are associated with neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders and modulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis by probiotics, pre-biotics, and/or diet induces preventative and therapeutic effects. The current interpretation of the mechanisms underlying this relationship are mainly based on, but not limited to, parallel CNS, endocrine, and immune-related molecular pathways that interact with each other. Although many studies have revealed the peripheral aspects of this axis, there is a paucity of data on how structural and functional changes in the brain correspond with gut microbiotic states . However, modern neuroimaging techniques and other imaging modalities have been increasingly applied to study the structure, function, and molecular aspects of brain activity in living healthy human and patient populations, which has resulted in an increased understanding of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The present review focuses on recent studies of healthy individuals and patients with diverse neurological disorders that employed a combination of advanced neuroimaging techniques and gut microbiome analyses. First, the technical information of these imaging modalities will be briefly described and then the included studies will provide primary evidence showing that the human GM profile is significantly associated with brain microstructure, intrinsic activities, and functional connectivity (FC) as well as cognitive function and mood.
越来越多的证据表明，肠道微生物群与中枢神经系统（CNS）之间的双向通信，即微生物群-肠道-脑轴，在大脑的发育和功能中起着关键作用。例如，肠道微生物群（GM）的改变或扰动与神经发育、神经退行性和精神疾病有关，而益生菌、益生元、和/或饮食对微生物群-肠道-脑轴的调节具有预防和治疗作用。目前对这种关系潜在机制的解释主要基于，但不限于，相互作用的平行CNS、内分泌和免疫相关分子途径。尽管许多研究已经揭示了该轴的外周方面，但关于大脑的结构和功能变化如何与肠道微生物状态相对应的数据却很少。然而，现代神经成像技术和其他成像方式越来越多地应用于研究健康人类和患者群体大脑活动的结构、功能和分子方面，这使得人们对微生物群-肠道-脑轴有了更多的了解。本综述重点关注最近对健康个体和患有各种神经系统疾病的患者的研究，这些研究采用了先进的神经成像技术和肠道微生物群分析相结合的方法。首先，将简要描述这些成像方式的技术信息，然后所纳入的研究将提供主要证据，表明人类GM谱与脑微结构、内在活动、功能连接（FC）以及认知功能和情绪显著相关。
