Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
Department of Nutrition Sciences, Dominican University, River Forest, IL, USA.
J Nutr. 2019 Dec 1;149(12):2156-2163. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxz183.
Many infants consume both human milk and infant formula (combination-fed); however, little is known about how combination-feeding affects the gut microbiota or prebiotic fermentation compared to formula feeding.
We investigated the impact of feeding mode and prebiotics on bacterial colonization and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations.
Newborn piglets (Large White and Landrace) were randomly assigned to 5 groups (n = 6/group): formula-fed (FF), formula-fed with prebiotics (FP), sow-reared (SR), combination-fed (CF), and combination-fed with prebiotics (CP). SR piglets remained with the sows 24 h/d. FF and FP were fed formula or formula with galactooligosaccharide and inulin (4 g/L in a 4:1 ratio). CF and CP were sow-reared for 5 d and then rotated between the sow and formula-feeding every 12 h. Ascending colon contents were collected at day 21. The microbiota was analyzed by pyrosequencing and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). VFAs were determined by gas chromatography.
Distance-based redundancy analysis of DGGE and pyrosequencing data separated microbiota of FF from CF and SR. CF differed from SR by DGGE, but only a trend (P = 0.09) by pyrosequencing. Bacterial composition of CF was more similar to SR than FF. No bacterial genera in CF significantly differed from SR; however, 9 genera differed between CF and FF, including Lactobacillus, Clostridium XIVa, and Fusobacterium. VFA concentrations were similar between CF and SR, while isovalerate and isobutyrate were 2-fold greater (P < 0.05) in CF than FF. Neither microbiota nor VFA profile was affected by prebiotic supplementation.
Microbial colonization patterns and VFA profiles of CF piglets were more similar to SR piglets than FF piglets. Prebiotics did not affect piglet bacterial composition and/or VFA concentrations relative to the main feeding modes (FF and CF). Thus, partial exposure to breast milk can be beneficial for microbiota development of FF neonates.
许多婴儿既食用母乳又食用婴儿配方奶粉（混合喂养）；然而，与配方奶喂养相比，关于混合喂养如何影响肠道微生物群或益生元发酵的信息却很少。
我们研究了喂养方式和益生元对细菌定植和挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）浓度的影响。
新生仔猪（大白和长白）随机分为 5 组（每组 6 只）：配方奶喂养（FF）、配方奶喂养添加益生元（FP）、母猪饲养（SR）、混合喂养（CF）和混合喂养添加益生元（CP）。SR 仔猪 24 小时/天与母猪在一起。FF 和 FP 喂养配方奶或配方奶添加半乳糖寡糖和菊粉（4 克/升，比例为 4:1）。CF 和 CP 与母猪饲养 5 天，然后每隔 12 小时在母猪和配方奶喂养之间轮换。第 21 天采集升结肠内容物。通过焦磷酸测序和变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）分析微生物群。通过气相色谱法测定 VFA。
DGGE 和焦磷酸测序数据分析的基于距离的冗余分析将 FF 的微生物群与 CF 和 SR 分开。CF 与 SR 通过 DGGE 不同，但仅通过焦磷酸测序呈现趋势（P=0.09）。CF 的细菌组成与 SR 比 FF 更相似。CF 中没有细菌属与 SR 显著不同；然而，CF 与 FF 之间有 9 个细菌属不同，包括乳酸杆菌、梭菌 XIVa 和梭杆菌。CF 和 SR 的 VFA 浓度相似，而异戊酸和异丁酸在 CF 中是 FF 的 2 倍（P<0.05）。微生物群或 VFA 谱均不受益生元补充的影响。
CF 仔猪的微生物定植模式和 VFA 谱与 SR 仔猪比 FF 仔猪更相似。与主要喂养方式（FF 和 CF）相比，益生元对仔猪细菌组成和/或 VFA 浓度没有影响。因此，对母乳的部分接触可能有利于 FF 新生儿的微生物群发育。
