School of Sport, York St John University, Lord Mayors Walk, York, YO31 7EX, UK.
Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
Sports Med. 2019 Dec;49(12):1923-1947. doi: 10.1007/s40279-019-01170-1.
The external movement loads imposed on players during competitive team sports are commonly measured using global positioning system devices. Information gleaned from analyses is employed to calibrate physical conditioning and injury prevention strategies with the external loads imposed during match play. Intense accelerations and decelerations are considered particularly important indicators of external load. However, to date, no prior meta-analysis has compared high and very high intensity acceleration and deceleration demands in elite team sports during competitive match play.
The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to quantify and compare high and very high intensity acceleration vs. deceleration demands occurring during competitive match play in elite team sport contexts.
A systematic review of four electronic databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science) was conducted to identify peer-reviewed articles published between January 2010 and April 2018 that had reported higher intensity (> 2.5 m·s) accelerations and decelerations concurrently in elite team sports competitive match play. A Boolean search phrase was developed using key words synonymous to team sports (population), acceleration and deceleration (comparators) and match play (outcome). Articles only eligible for meta-analysis were those that reported either or both high (> 2.5 m·s) and very high (> 3.5 m·s) intensity accelerations and decelerations concurrently using global positioning system devices (sampling rate: ≥ 5 Hz) during elite able-bodied (mean age: ≥ 18 years) team sports competitive match play (match time: ≥ 75%). Separate inverse random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to compare: (1) standardised mean differences (SMDs) in the frequency of high and very high intensity accelerations and decelerations occurring during match play, and (2) SMDs of temporal changes in high and very high intensity accelerations and decelerations across first and second half periods of match play. Using recent guidelines recommended for the collection, processing and reporting of global positioning system data, a checklist was produced to help inform a judgement about the methodological limitations (risk of detection bias) aligned to 'data collection', 'data processing' and 'normative profile' for each eligible study. For each study, each outcome was rated as either 'low', 'unclear' or 'high' risk of bias.
A total of 19 studies met the eligibility criteria, comprising seven team sports including American Football (n = 1), Australian Football (n = 2), hockey (n = 1), rugby league (n = 4), rugby sevens (n = 3), rugby union (n = 2) and soccer (n = 6) with a total of 469 male participants (mean age: 18-29 years). Analysis showed only American Football reported a greater frequency of high (SMD = 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.43) and very high (SMD = 0.19; 95% CI - 0.42 to 0.80) intensity accelerations compared to decelerations. All other sports had a greater frequency of high and very high intensity decelerations compared to accelerations, with soccer demonstrating the greatest difference for both the high (SMD = - 1.74; 95% CI - 1.28 to - 2.21) and very high (SMD = - 3.19; 95% CI - 2.05 to - 4.33) intensity categories. When examining the temporal changes from the first to the second half periods of match play, there was a small decrease in both the frequency of high and very high intensity accelerations (SMD = 0.50 and 0.49, respectively) and decelerations (SMD = 0.42 and 0.46, respectively). The greatest risk of bias (40% 'high' risk of bias) observed across studies was in the 'data collection' procedures. The lowest risk of bias (35% 'low' risk of bias) was found in the development of a 'normative profile'.
To ensure that elite players are optimally prepared for the high-intensity accelerations and decelerations imposed during competitive match play, it is imperative that players are exposed to comparable demands under controlled training conditions. The results of this meta-analysis, accordingly, can inform practical training designs. Finally, guidelines and recommendations for conducting future research, using global positioning system devices, are suggested.
在竞技团队运动中，对运动员施加的外部运动负荷通常使用全球定位系统设备进行测量。从分析中获得的信息用于根据比赛中的外部负荷来校准身体适应和预防损伤的策略。剧烈的加速和减速被认为是外部负荷的重要指标。然而，迄今为止，尚无先前的荟萃分析比较过精英团队运动中竞技比赛期间高强度和极高强度的加速和减速需求。
本系统评价和荟萃分析的目的是量化和比较精英团队运动中竞技比赛期间高强度和极高强度加速与减速的需求。
对四个电子数据库（CINAHL、MEDLINE、SPORTDiscus、Web of Science）进行系统回顾，以确定在 2010 年 1 月至 2018 年 4 月期间发表的同行评审文章，这些文章在精英团队运动的竞技比赛中同时报告了较高强度（>2.5 m·s）的加速和减速。使用同义词团队运动（人群）、加速和减速（比较器）和比赛（结果）的布尔搜索短语开发了一个搜索短语。仅符合荟萃分析条件的文章报告了使用全球定位系统设备（采样率：≥5 Hz）在精英健全人（平均年龄：≥18 岁）团队运动竞技比赛中同时发生高强度（>2.5 m·s）和极高强度（>3.5 m·s）的加速和减速（比赛时间：≥75%）。分别进行逆随机效应荟萃分析，以比较：（1）比赛中发生的高强度和极高强度加速和减速的频率的标准化均数差（SMD），以及（2）比赛第一和第二半段期间高强度和极高强度加速和减速的时间变化的 SMD。使用最近推荐用于全球定位系统数据的收集、处理和报告的指南，制作了一份清单，以帮助判断每个合格研究的“数据收集”、“数据处理”和“规范”的方法学局限性（检测偏倚风险）。对于每个研究，每个结果均被评定为“低”、“不确定”或“高”偏倚风险。
共有 19 项研究符合入选标准，包括 7 项团队运动，包括美式足球（n=1）、澳式足球（n=2）、曲棍球（n=1）、橄榄球联盟（n=4）、七人制橄榄球（n=3）、橄榄球联盟（n=2）和足球（n=6），共有 469 名男性参与者（平均年龄：18-29 岁）。分析表明，只有美式足球报告的高强度（SMD=1.26；95%置信区间[CI] 1.06-1.43）和极高强度（SMD=0.19；95%CI-0.42 至 0.80）加速比减速的频率更高。所有其他运动的高强度和极高强度减速的频率都高于加速，足球在高强度（SMD=-1.74；95%CI-1.28 至-2.21）和极高强度（SMD=-3.19；95%CI-2.05 至-4.33）类别中表现出最大的差异。当从比赛的第一半到第二半期间检查时间变化时，高强度和极高强度加速（SMD=0.50 和 0.49，分别）和减速（SMD=0.42 和 0.46，分别）的频率都略有下降。在研究中观察到的最大偏倚风险（40%的“高”偏倚风险）是在“数据收集”程序中。风险最低（35%“低”偏倚风险）是在“规范”的发展中发现的。
为了确保精英运动员为竞技比赛中施加的高强度加速和减速做好最佳准备，至关重要的是，运动员在受控训练条件下要承受相似的需求。因此，这项荟萃分析的结果可以为实际的训练设计提供信息。最后，建议使用全球定位系统设备进行未来研究的指南和建议。
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