IMAA, Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale, CNR, C.da S. Loja, Z.I., 85050, Tito Scalo, PZ, Italy.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019 Dec;26(36):36423-36433. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-06756-w. Epub 2019 Nov 14.
The present study investigated PM (aerosol particles with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 1.0 μm) mass concentrations and sixteen (Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, S, Ti, and Zn) PM-related trace elements. PM samples were collected in an anthropized area of international attention close to oil/gas pre-treatment plants in Agri Valley (Southern Italy). The PM mass concentrations varied from 3 to 16 μg/m. The decreasing pattern of the trace element concentrations was S > Ca > Na > K ≈ Mg ≈ Fe> Al > Li > Cr > Zn > Ti> Cu > Ni ≈ Mn > Pb ≈ Cd. Anthropogenic local emissions such as biomass burning, vehicular traffic, and industrial sources mainly related to oil/gas pre-treatment plants were identified by the principal component analysis. Further, air mass back-trajectory analyses suggest an important contribute to the long-range transport on PM at Agri Valley. The carcinogenic (Cd, Cr(VI), Ni, and Pb) and non-carcinogenic (Cd, Cr(VI), Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) health risks both for children and for adults were assessed using the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) methods considering inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact pathway. Chromium (VI) posed the highest carcinogenic risk for both children and adults. The integrated carcinogenic risks were respectively 3.45 × 10 and 1.38 × 10 for children and adults indicating that attention should be paid for carcinogenic health effects. Nickel posed the highest non-carcinogenic risk for children through inhalation pathway. The integrated non-carcinogenic risk showed a value higher than 1 highlighting that Cd, Cr(VI), Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn may cause cumulative non-carcinogenic health effect for children from inhalation exposure.
本研究调查了 PM（空气动力学直径≤1.0μm 的气溶胶颗粒）质量浓度和十六种（Al、Ca、Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、K、Li、Mg、Mn、Na、Ni、Pb、S、Ti 和 Zn）与 PM 相关的微量元素。PM 样品采集于意大利南部 Agri 山谷靠近石油/天然气预处理厂的国际关注的人为活动区域。PM 质量浓度范围为 3 至 16μg/m。微量元素浓度呈递减模式，依次为 S > Ca > Na > K ≈ Mg ≈ Fe> Al > Li > Cr > Zn > Ti> Cu > Ni ≈ Mn > Pb ≈ Cd。主成分分析表明，生物质燃烧、机动车交通和与石油/天然气预处理厂等工业源等人为局部排放是造成这种情况的主要原因。此外，空气团后轨迹分析表明，Agri 山谷的 PM 存在长距离传输。采用美国环保署（USEPA）方法，通过吸入、摄入和皮肤接触途径，评估了儿童和成人的致癌（Cd、Cr(VI)、Ni 和 Pb）和非致癌（Cd、Cr(VI)、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb 和 Zn）健康风险。六价铬对儿童和成人的致癌风险最高。儿童和成人的综合致癌风险分别为 3.45×10 和 1.38×10，表明应注意致癌健康影响。通过吸入途径，镍对儿童的非致癌风险最高。综合非致癌风险值高于 1，表明 Cd、Cr(VI)、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb 和 Zn 可能会通过吸入暴露对儿童造成累积的非致癌健康影响。
