School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
NIH Biotechnology Graduate Training Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
Front Immunol. 2019 Dec 20;10:2973. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02973. eCollection 2019.
Arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses), such as Zika (ZIKV), West Nile (WNV), and dengue (DENV) virus, include some of the most significant global health risks to human populations. The steady increase in the number of cases is of great concern due to the debilitating diseases associated with each viral infection. Because these viruses all depend on the mosquito as a vector for disease transmission, current research has focused on identifying immune mechanisms used by insects to effectively harbor these viruses and cause disease in humans and other animals. are a vital model to study arboviral infections and host responses as they are a genetically malleable model organism for experimentation that can complement analysis in the virus' natural vectors. encode a number of distinct mechanisms of antiviral defense that are found in both mosquito and vertebrate animal systems, providing a viable model for study. These pathways include canonical antiviral modules such as RNA interference (RNAi), JAK/STAT signaling, and the induction of STING-mediated immune responses like autophagy. Insulin signaling plays a significant role in host-pathogen interactions. The exact mechanisms of insulin-mediated immune responses vary with each virus type, but nevertheless ultimately demonstrates that metabolic and immune signaling are coupled for antiviral immunity in an arthropod model. This mini review provides our current understanding of antiviral mechanisms in , with a focus on insulin-mediated antiviral signaling, and how such immune responses pertain to disease models in vertebrate and mosquito species.
虫媒病毒（节肢动物传播的病毒），如寨卡病毒（ZIKV）、西尼罗河病毒（WNV）和登革热病毒（DENV），是对人类健康构成重大威胁的全球性病毒之一。由于每种病毒感染都会导致使人衰弱的疾病，因此病例数量的稳步增加令人担忧。由于这些病毒都依赖蚊子作为传播疾病的媒介，目前的研究重点是确定昆虫用来有效携带这些病毒并在人类和其他动物中引起疾病的免疫机制。是研究虫媒病毒感染和宿主反应的重要模型，因为它是一种遗传上可塑的实验模型生物，可以补充病毒天然载体中的分析。编码了多种独特的抗病毒防御机制，这些机制在蚊子和脊椎动物系统中都有发现，为研究提供了可行的模型。这些途径包括 RNA 干扰（RNAi）、JAK/STAT 信号通路以及诱导 STING 介导的免疫反应（如自噬）等经典抗病毒模块。胰岛素信号在宿主-病原体相互作用中起着重要作用。胰岛素介导的免疫反应的确切机制因病毒类型而异，但最终表明代谢和免疫信号在节肢动物模型中是相互关联的，以实现抗病毒免疫。本综述介绍了我们目前对 的抗病毒机制的理解，重点介绍了胰岛素介导的抗病毒信号通路，以及这种免疫反应如何与脊椎动物和蚊子物种的疾病模型有关。
