David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Nat Rev Immunol. 2020 May;20(5):321-334. doi: 10.1038/s41577-019-0269-6. Epub 2020 Jan 31.
Therapeutic targeting of the immune system in cancer is now a clinical reality and marked successes have been achieved, most notably through the use of checkpoint blockade antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. However, efforts to develop new immunotherapy agents or combination treatments to increase the proportion of patients who benefit have met with challenges of limited efficacy and/or significant toxicity. Nanomedicines - therapeutics composed of or formulated in carrier materials typically smaller than 100 nm - were originally developed to increase the uptake of chemotherapy agents by tumours and to reduce their off-target toxicity. Here, we discuss how nanomedicine-based treatment strategies are well suited to immunotherapy on the basis of nanomaterials' ability to direct immunomodulators to tumours and lymphoid organs, to alter the way biologics engage with target immune cells and to accumulate in myeloid cells in tumours and systemic compartments. We also discuss early efforts towards clinical translation of nanomedicine-based immunotherapy.
癌症的免疫治疗靶向现在已经成为临床现实，并取得了显著的成功，这主要得益于检查点阻断抗体和嵌合抗原受体 T 细胞疗法的应用。然而，为了开发新的免疫治疗药物或联合治疗方法来提高受益患者的比例，我们遇到了疗效有限和/或毒性显著的挑战。纳米药物——由载体材料组成或制成的治疗药物，通常小于 100nm——最初是为了增加化疗药物被肿瘤吸收，并降低其脱靶毒性。在这里，我们讨论了基于纳米材料将免疫调节剂导向肿瘤和淋巴器官的能力，改变生物制剂与靶免疫细胞相互作用的方式，以及在肿瘤和全身部位的髓样细胞中积累的能力，如何使基于纳米药物的治疗策略非常适合免疫治疗。我们还讨论了基于纳米药物的免疫治疗向临床转化的早期努力。
