Genome-wide identification of genes in and their expression under different nitrogen treatments.

β-d-xylosidase (BXL) hydrolyzes xylobiose and xylo-oligosaccharides into xylose monomers, and is a rate-limiting enzyme in the degradation of hemicellulose in the cell wall. In this study, ten genes encoding putative BXL proteins were identified in the genome by bioinformatics methods. In the phylogenetic analysis, the PtBXLs formed two subfamilies. and were closely related to , an important enzyme in the normal development of the cell wall structure. Chromosomal distribution and genome synteny analyses revealed two tandem-duplicated gene pairs and on chromosomes II and V, respectively, and six segmental-duplicated gene pairs on chromosomes II, V, VIII, X, and XIV among the gene family. Tissue-specific expression data from PlantGenIE indicated that , , and were highly expressed in stems. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analyses revealed that , , and were up-regulated in the upper stem in response to the low and high ammonium and nitrate treatments. The influence of nitrogen on the expression of , , and genes may affect the formation of the plant secondary cell wall. This comprehensive analysis of the family in poplar provides new insights into their regulation by nitrogen and increases our understanding of the roles of BXLs in hemicellulose metabolism in the secondary cell wall and during plant development.