IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Dietician Service, 20161 Milan, Italy.
Biomedical Committee Italian Soccer Referees' Association (AIA-FIGC), 20100 Milan, Italy.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Feb 5;17(3):1014. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17031014.
The role of soccer referees has grown in importance in the last decades, as has attention to their performance, which may be influenced and improved with specific and evolved training programs. Today, multiple specialists are working as a team in order to develop effective training programs. Moreover, for athletes, it is becoming more and more important to be attentive to nutrition. By considering such items, in this study, we aimed to investigate the nutritional habits of a group of referees belonging to the Italian Soccer Referees' Association (on behalf of AIA-FIGC). Our main aim was to spread a "culture of nutrition" in refereeing, starting with a survey on referees' breakfast attitudes and in order to disseminate such a "culture", we chose top-level elite referees who were younger subjects (despite the average 4 years' experience). Therefore, we enrolled 31 subjects (aged 22.74 ± 1.79, BMI 22.30 ± 1.53) and asked them about their breakfast habits. Then, for measuring their performance, we used the conventional fitness test named Yo-Yo (YYiR1), performed in three different sessions (test 1, test 2, test 3). Test 1 was carried out without any nutritional indications, test 2 was given after individualized breakfast suggestions by a designed dietician, and test 3 after an individualized glycogen super-compensation strategy. The Wilcoxon statistical analysis indicates that following an individualized breakfast strategy may enhance referees' performance ( < 0.0001), whereas no significant effects were observed with the glycogen super-compensation option. However, further studies will be necessary to better address this topic and clarify whether high-carbohydrates (high-CHO) intake may be useful in other sports.
在过去几十年中，足球裁判的角色变得越来越重要，对他们表现的关注也越来越多，这可能会受到专门且不断发展的训练计划的影响和改善。如今，有多名专家作为一个团队共同努力，以制定有效的训练计划。此外，对于运动员来说，关注营养也变得越来越重要。考虑到这些因素，在这项研究中，我们旨在调查属于意大利足球裁判协会（代表 AIA-FIGC）的一组裁判的营养习惯。我们的主要目的是在裁判工作中传播“营养文化”，首先是对裁判早餐态度进行调查，为了传播这种“文化”，我们选择了年轻的顶级精英裁判（尽管平均有 4 年的经验）。因此，我们招募了 31 名受试者（年龄 22.74 ± 1.79 岁，BMI 22.30 ± 1.53），并询问了他们的早餐习惯。然后，为了衡量他们的表现，我们使用了名为 Yo-Yo（YYiR1）的常规体能测试，在三个不同的阶段进行（测试 1、测试 2、测试 3）。测试 1 是在没有任何营养指示的情况下进行的，测试 2 是在由专门营养师设计的个性化早餐建议后进行的，测试 3 是在个性化糖原超补偿策略后进行的。Wilcoxon 统计分析表明，遵循个性化早餐策略可能会提高裁判的表现（ < 0.0001），而糖原超补偿方案则没有明显效果。然而，还需要进一步的研究来更好地解决这个问题，并阐明高碳水化合物（高 CHO）摄入是否在其他运动中有用。
