Bortoluzzi Cristiano, Vieira Bruno Serpa, Applegate Todd Jay
Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M Agrilife Research, College Station, TX, United States.
Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil.
Front Vet Sci. 2020 Jan 28;7:13. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00013. eCollection 2020.
The incidence of enteric infections in broiler chickens may increase worldwide due to mounting pressure to limit the use of sub-therapeutic antibiotics and ionophores for coccidia suppression/prevention in the diets of broilers. For this reason, we need expand our knowledge on the role that micro-minerals have in modulating the intestinal physiology, immunology, and microbiology of broiler chickens. There are issues associated with the use of high doses of some micro-minerals in the diets of animals, such as environmental contamination, bacterial resistance, and gizzard erosion. Therefore, there is a need to maximize the absorption of these minerals by the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of birds when intestinal function may be compromised. Zinc is an essential micromineral required for growth, and influences intestinal development and/or regeneration during and after enteric disease. Two studies were conducted by our lab to determine the effects of Zn source in broilers under coccidia and challenge. In the first study, Zn proteinate had beneficial effects on the performance of chickens challenged with coccidia plus by enhancing intestinal integrity and partially attenuating the inflammatory response. In the second study, Zn proteinate lowered the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulated the ileal microbiota. Additionally, the poultry industry has used prophylactic concentrations of dietary Cu for its ability to improve feed conversion for a long time. Copper absorption occurs mainly in the duodenum of chickens and, therefore, injuries to the intestinal epithelium of duodenum would impair Cu absorption and decrease its tissue concentration. Although there is a lack of studies relating Mn supplementation and its different sources on the immune response against coccidiosis in poultry, it is likely that Mn is beneficial during enteric challenges due to its role in the production of mucopolysaccharides. Therefore, the proper evaluation of the role of minerals on mitigating the negative impact of coccidiosis in broilers must consider their properties in modulating the physiology, immunology, and the intestinal microbiota of the host during health and disease situation events.
由于限制在肉鸡日粮中使用亚治疗剂量抗生素和离子载体来抑制/预防球虫病的压力不断增加，全球范围内肉鸡肠道感染的发生率可能会上升。因此，我们需要扩大对微量矿物质在调节肉鸡肠道生理、免疫和微生物学方面作用的认识。在动物日粮中使用高剂量的某些微量矿物质存在一些问题，如环境污染、细菌耐药性和肌胃糜烂。因此，当肠道功能可能受到损害时，有必要使鸟类胃肠道（GIT）对这些矿物质的吸收最大化。锌是生长所需的必需微量矿物质，影响肠道疾病期间和之后的肠道发育和/或再生。我们实验室进行了两项研究，以确定锌源在球虫病和应激条件下对肉鸡的影响。在第一项研究中，蛋白锌对感染球虫病并受到应激的鸡的性能有有益影响，它通过增强肠道完整性和部分减轻炎症反应来实现。在第二项研究中，蛋白锌降低了促炎细胞因子的表达并调节了回肠微生物群。此外，长期以来，家禽业一直使用预防性浓度的日粮铜，因为它有改善饲料转化率的能力。铜的吸收主要发生在鸡的十二指肠，因此，十二指肠肠上皮的损伤会损害铜的吸收并降低其组织浓度。尽管缺乏关于补充锰及其不同来源对家禽抗球虫病免疫反应影响的研究，但由于锰在粘多糖产生中的作用，它在肠道应激期间可能是有益的。因此，正确评估矿物质在减轻肉鸡球虫病负面影响方面的作用，必须考虑它们在健康和疾病状态事件中调节宿主生理、免疫和肠道微生物群的特性。
