Toussaint H M, Beelen A, Rodenburg A, Sargeant A J, de Groot G, Hollander A P, van Ingen Schenau G J
Department of Exercise Physiology and Health, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
J Appl Physiol (1985). 1988 Dec;65(6):2506-12. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1988.65.6.2506.
In this study the propelling efficiency (ep) of front-crawl swimming, by use of the arms only, was calculated in four subjects. This is the ratio of the power used to overcome drag (Pd) to the total mechanical power (Po) produced including power wasted in changing the kinetic energy of masses of water (Pk). By the use of an extended version of the system to measure active drag (MAD system), Pd was measured directly. Simultaneous measurement of O2 uptake (VO2) enabled the establishment of the relationship between the rate of the energy expenditure (PVO2) and Po (since when swimming on the MAD system Po = Pd). These individual relationships describing the mechanical efficiency (8-12%) were then used to estimate Po in free swimming from measurements of VO2. Because Pd was directly measured at each velocity studied by use of the MAD system, ep could be calculated according to the equation ep = Pd/(Pd + Pk) = Pd/Po. For the four top class swimmers studied, ep was found to range from 46 to 77%. Total efficiency, defined as the product of mechanical and propelling efficiency, ranged from 5 to 8%.
在本研究中，仅使用手臂进行自由泳时的推进效率（ep）在四名受试者身上进行了计算。这是用于克服阻力的功率（Pd）与所产生的总机械功率（Po）之比，总机械功率包括改变水体动能所浪费的功率（Pk）。通过使用测量主动阻力系统（MAD系统）的扩展版本，直接测量了Pd。同时测量耗氧量（VO2）使得能够确定能量消耗率（PVO2）与Po之间的关系（因为在MAD系统上游泳时Po = Pd）。然后，这些描述机械效率（8 - 12%）的个体关系被用于根据VO2的测量值来估计自由泳中的Po。由于通过使用MAD系统在每个研究速度下直接测量了Pd，所以可以根据公式ep = Pd/(Pd + Pk) = Pd/Po来计算ep。对于所研究的四名顶级游泳运动员，发现ep范围为46%至77%。总效率定义为机械效率和推进效率的乘积，范围为5%至8%。
