Sheehy E J, Kelly D J, O'Brien F J
Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Mater Today Bio. 2019 May 31;3:100009. doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2019.100009. eCollection 2019 Jun.
There is an urgent, clinical need for an alternative to the use of autologous grafts for the ever increasing number of bone grafting procedures performed annually. Herein, we describe a developmentally inspired approach to bone tissue engineering, which focuses on leveraging biomaterials as platforms for recapitulating the process of endochondral ossification. To begin, we describe the traditional biomaterial-based approaches to tissue engineering that have been investigated as methods to promote in vivo bone regeneration, including the use of three-dimensional biomimetic scaffolds, the delivery of growth factors and recombinant proteins, and the in vitro engineering of mineralized bone-like tissue. Thereafter, we suggest that some of the hurdles encountered by these traditional tissue engineering approaches may be circumvented by modulating the endochondral route to bone repair and, to that end, we assess various biomaterials that can be used in combination with cells and signaling factors to engineer hypertrophic cartilaginous grafts capable of promoting endochondral bone formation. Finally, we examine the emerging trends in biomaterial-based approaches to endochondral bone regeneration, such as the engineering of anatomically shaped templates for bone and osteochondral tissue engineering, the fabrication of mechanically reinforced constructs using emerging three-dimensional bioprinting techniques, and the generation of gene-activated scaffolds, which may accelerate the field towards its ultimate goal of clinically successful bone organ regeneration.
对于每年日益增多的骨移植手术而言，临床上迫切需要一种替代自体移植物的方法。在此，我们描述了一种受发育启发的骨组织工程方法，该方法侧重于利用生物材料作为平台来重现软骨内成骨过程。首先，我们描述了传统的基于生物材料的组织工程方法，这些方法已被研究作为促进体内骨再生的手段，包括使用三维仿生支架、生长因子和重组蛋白的递送以及矿化骨样组织的体外工程化。此后，我们认为通过调节软骨内骨修复途径可以规避这些传统组织工程方法遇到的一些障碍，为此，我们评估了各种可与细胞和信号因子结合使用的生物材料，以构建能够促进软骨内骨形成的肥大软骨移植物。最后，我们研究了基于生物材料的软骨内骨再生方法的新趋势，例如用于骨和骨软骨组织工程的解剖学形状模板的工程化、使用新兴的三维生物打印技术制造机械增强结构以及基因激活支架的产生，这些可能会加速该领域朝着临床成功的骨器官再生这一最终目标发展。
