Vision and Image Processing Research Group, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
Sensors (Basel). 2020 Mar 10;20(5):1539. doi: 10.3390/s20051539.
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in North American men; however, prognosis is relatively good given early diagnosis. This motivates the need for fast and reliable prostate cancer sensing. Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) has gained traction in recent years as a fast non-invasive approach to cancer sensing. The most commonly used DWI sensing modality currently is apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) imaging, with the recently introduced computed high-b value diffusion weighted imaging (CHB-DWI) showing considerable promise for cancer sensing. In this study, we investigate the efficacy of ADC and CHB-DWI sensing modalities when applied to zone-level prostate cancer sensing by introducing several radiomics driven zone-level prostate cancer sensing strategies geared around hand-engineered radiomic sequences from DWI sensing (which we term as Zone-X sensing strategies). Furthermore, we also propose Zone-DR, a discovery radiomics approach based on zone-level deep radiomic sequencer discovery that discover radiomic sequences directly for radiomics driven sensing. Experimental results using 12,466 pathology-verified zones obtained through the different DWI sensing modalities of 101 patients showed that: (i) the introduced Zone-X and Zone-DR radiomics driven sensing strategies significantly outperformed the traditional clinical heuristics driven strategy in terms of AUC, (ii) the introduced Zone-DR and Zone-SVM strategies achieved the highest sensitivity and specificity, respectively for ADC amongst the tested radiomics driven strategies, (iii) the introduced Zone-DR and Zone-LR strategies achieved the highest sensitivities for CHB-DWI amongst the tested radiomics driven strategies, and (iv) the introduced Zone-DR, Zone-LR, and Zone-SVM strategies achieved the highest specificities for CHB-DWI amongst the tested radiomics driven strategies. Furthermore, the results showed that the trade-off between sensitivity and specificity can be optimized based on the particular clinical scenario we wish to employ radiomic driven DWI prostate cancer sensing strategies for, such as clinical screening versus surgical planning. Finally, we investigate the critical regions within sensing data that led to a given radiomic sequence generated by a Zone-DR sequencer using an explainability method to get a deeper understanding on the biomarkers important for zone-level cancer sensing.
前列腺癌是北美男性最常见的癌症；然而，由于早期诊断，预后相对较好。这促使人们需要快速可靠的前列腺癌检测方法。近年来，扩散加权成像（DWI）作为一种快速无创的癌症检测方法受到了关注。目前最常用的 DWI 检测方式是表观扩散系数（ADC）成像，而最近引入的计算高 b 值扩散加权成像（CHB-DWI）在癌症检测方面显示出了很大的潜力。在这项研究中，我们通过引入几种基于 DWI 检测的放射组学驱动的区域级前列腺癌检测策略，研究了 ADC 和 CHB-DWI 检测方式在区域级前列腺癌检测中的效果，这些策略围绕着从 DWI 检测中提取的手工设计的放射组学序列（我们称之为 Zone-X 检测策略）。此外，我们还提出了 Zone-DR，这是一种基于区域级深度放射组学序列发现的发现放射组学方法，它可以直接为放射组学驱动的检测发现放射组学序列。通过 101 名患者的不同 DWI 检测方式获得的 12466 个经病理验证的区域进行实验，结果表明：（i）在 AUC 方面，所提出的 Zone-X 和 Zone-DR 放射组学驱动的检测策略明显优于传统的基于临床启发式的检测策略；（ii）在测试的放射组学驱动策略中，所提出的 Zone-DR 和 Zone-SVM 策略在 ADC 方面实现了最高的敏感性和特异性；（iii）在测试的放射组学驱动策略中，所提出的 Zone-DR 和 Zone-LR 策略在 CHB-DWI 方面实现了最高的敏感性；（iv）在测试的放射组学驱动策略中，所提出的 Zone-DR、Zone-LR 和 Zone-SVM 策略在 CHB-DWI 方面实现了最高的特异性。此外，结果表明，可以根据我们希望使用放射组学驱动的 DWI 前列腺癌检测策略的特定临床情况（例如临床筛查与手术规划）来优化敏感性和特异性之间的权衡。最后，我们使用可解释性方法研究了导致由 Zone-DR 序列器生成的给定放射组学序列的检测数据中的关键区域，以更深入地了解对区域级癌症检测重要的生物标志物。
