Ayoub Moubareck Carole, Hammoudi Halat Dalal
College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai P.O. Box 144534, UAE.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Bekaa Campuses 1103, Lebanon.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2020 Mar 12;9(3):119. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9030119.
Being a multidrug-resistant and an invasive pathogen, is one of the major causes of nosocomial infections in the current healthcare system. It has been recognized as an agent of pneumonia, septicemia, meningitis, urinary tract and wound infections, and is associated with high mortality. Pathogenesis in infections is an outcome of multiple virulence factors, including porins, capsules, and cell wall lipopolysaccharide, enzymes, biofilm production, motility, and iron-acquisition systems, among others. Such virulence factors help the organism to resist stressful environmental conditions and enable development of severe infections. Parallel to increased prevalence of infections caused by , challenging and diverse resistance mechanisms in this pathogen are well recognized, with major classes of antibiotics becoming minimally effective. Through a wide array of antibiotic-hydrolyzing enzymes, efflux pump changes, impermeability, and antibiotic target mutations, models a unique ability to maintain a multidrug-resistant phenotype, further complicating treatment. Understanding mechanisms behind diseases, virulence, and resistance acquisition are central to infectious disease knowledge about . The aims of this review are to highlight infections and disease-producing factors in and to touch base on mechanisms of resistance to various antibiotic classes.
作为一种多重耐药且具有侵袭性的病原体，是当前医疗体系中医院感染的主要原因之一。它已被确认为引起肺炎、败血症、脑膜炎、尿路感染和伤口感染的病原体，且与高死亡率相关。感染的发病机制是多种毒力因子作用的结果，包括孔蛋白、荚膜、细胞壁脂多糖、酶、生物膜形成、运动性以及铁获取系统等。这些毒力因子有助于该生物体抵抗应激环境条件，并促使严重感染的发生。与由引起的感染患病率增加并行的是，该病原体中具有挑战性且多样的耐药机制已得到充分认识，主要类别的抗生素变得效果甚微。通过一系列抗生素水解酶、外排泵变化、通透性改变以及抗生素靶点突变，呈现出维持多重耐药表型的独特能力，使治疗更加复杂。了解疾病、毒力以及耐药性获得背后的机制是关于感染性疾病知识的核心。本综述的目的是强调感染及致病因素，并探讨对各类抗生素的耐药机制。
