Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
Nutrients. 2020 Apr 8;12(4):1018. doi: 10.3390/nu12041018.
Several studies have shown that a low magnesium (Mg) intake in the diet is associated with greater cardiovascular risk and greater risk of diabetes. However, the results are not consistent in all populations. To minimize the biases derived from diet measurement, more objective biomarkers of magnesium status have been proposed. Although there is still no ideal biomarker for Mg, several studies have shown that plasma Mg concentrations could be a relatively acceptable biomarker for cardiovascular risk assessment. However, further studies are required to better characterize this marker in different populations. Our aim was to analyze the association between plasma Mg concentrations (measured through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)) methods, and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals from a general Mediterranean population (aged 18-80 years). The influence of demographic and lifestyle variables, including adherence to the Mediterranean diet, on plasma Mg concentrations was analyzed. The mean Mg level of the population studied was 0.77 ± 0.08 mmol/L, the prevalence of hypomagnesemia (<0.70 mmol/L) being 18.6%. We did not find any statistically significant differences between plasma Mg concentrations and sex, age, tobacco smoking and total adherence to the Mediterranean diet ( > 0.05). We found a statistically significant association between plasma Mg concentrations and the prevalence of type-2 diabetes (0.77 ± 0.08 mmol/L in non-diabetics versus 0.73 ± 0.13 mmol/L in diabetics; = 0.009). Despite the low prevalence of type-2 diabetes in this population (11.24% in subjects with hypomagnesemia versus 3.91%, in normomagnesemia; = 0.005), hypomagnesemia was associated with greater odds of being diabetic in comparison with normomagnesemia (OR = 3.36; = 0.016, even after adjustment for sex, age, obesity, and medications). On the other hand, no statistically significant association of plasma Mg concentrations with obesity, hypertension, fasting triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol or uric acid was found. However, in contrast to what was initially expected, a statistically significant association was found between plasma Mg concentrations (basically in the highest quartile) and greater total cholesterol ( < 0.05) and LDL-cholesterol concentrations ( < 0.05). In conclusion, our results contribute to increasing the evidence gathered by numerous studies on the inverse association between hypomagnesemia and type-2 diabetes, as well as to the observation, previously reported in some studies, of a direct association with hypercholesterolemia. This paradoxical link should be deeply investigated in further studies.
几项研究表明，饮食中镁（Mg）摄入量低与心血管风险增加和糖尿病风险增加有关。然而，并非所有人群的结果都一致。为了最大程度地减少饮食测量带来的偏差，提出了更客观的镁状态生物标志物。尽管目前还没有理想的 Mg 生物标志物，但多项研究表明，血浆 Mg 浓度可能是评估心血管风险的相对可接受的生物标志物。然而，还需要进一步的研究来更好地描述不同人群中的这种标志物。我们的目的是分析一般地中海人群（18-80 岁）中血浆 Mg 浓度（通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测量）与心血管危险因素之间的关系。分析了人口统计学和生活方式变量（包括对地中海饮食的依从性）对血浆 Mg 浓度的影响。研究人群的平均 Mg 水平为 0.77±0.08mmol/L，低镁血症（<0.70mmol/L）的患病率为 18.6%。我们没有发现血浆 Mg 浓度与性别、年龄、吸烟和地中海饮食总依从性（>0.05）之间有任何统计学差异。我们发现血浆 Mg 浓度与 2 型糖尿病的患病率之间存在统计学显著关联（非糖尿病患者为 0.77±0.08mmol/L，糖尿病患者为 0.73±0.13mmol/L；=0.009）。尽管该人群中 2 型糖尿病的患病率较低（低镁血症患者为 11.24%，镁正常患者为 3.91%；=0.005），但与镁正常患者相比，低镁血症与患糖尿病的几率更高（OR=3.36；=0.016，即使在校正性别、年龄、肥胖和药物使用后也是如此）。另一方面，我们没有发现血浆 Mg 浓度与肥胖、高血压、空腹甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇或尿酸之间有统计学显著的相关性。然而，与最初的预期相反，我们发现血浆 Mg 浓度（主要在最高四分位数）与总胆固醇（<0.05）和 LDL 胆固醇浓度（<0.05）之间存在统计学显著的正相关。总之，我们的结果有助于增加关于低镁血症与 2 型糖尿病之间的负相关以及先前在一些研究中报告的与高胆固醇血症之间的直接关联的大量研究的证据。这种矛盾的联系应该在进一步的研究中进行深入调查。
