Diminished Pathogen and Enhanced Endophyte Colonization upon CoInoculation of Endophytic and Pathogenic Strains.

Root colonization by (Fo) endophytes reduces wilt disease symptoms caused by pathogenic Fo strains. The endophytic strain Fo47, isolated from wilt suppressive soils, reduces wilt in various crop species such as tomato, flax, and asparagus. How endophyte-mediated resistance (EMR) against wilt is achieved is unclear. Here, nonpathogenic colonization by Fo47 and pathogenic colonization by Fo f.sp. (Fol) strains were assessed in tomato roots and stems when inoculated separately or coinoculated. It is shown that Fo47 reduces Fol colonization in stems of both noncultivated and cultivated tomato species. Conversely, Fo47 colonization of coinoculated tomato stems was increased compared to single inoculated plants. Quantitative PCR of fungal colonization of roots (co)inoculated with Fo47 and/or Fol showed that pathogen colonization was drastically reduced when coinoculated with Fo47, compared with single inoculated roots. Endophytic colonization of tomato roots remained unchanged upon coinoculation with Fol. In conclusion, EMR against wilt is correlated with a reduction of root and stem colonization by the pathogen. In addition, the endophyte may take advantage of the pathogen-induced suppression of plant defences as it colonizes tomato stems more extensively.