A single bat species in Cameroon harbors multiple highly divergent papillomaviruses in stool identified by metagenomics analysis.

A number of PVs have been described in bats but to the best of our knowledge not from feces. Using a previously described NetoVIR protocol, pooled fecal samples (Eh) were treated and sequenced by Illumina next generation sequencing technology. Two complete genomes of novel PVs (EhPV2 and EhPV3) and 3 partial sequences (BATPV61, BATPV890a and BATPV890b) were obtained and analysis showed that the EhPV2 and EhPV3 major capsid proteins cluster with and share 60-64% nucleotide identity with that of PV1, thus representing new species of PVs within the genus . The other PVs clustered in different branches of our phylogenetic tree and may potentially represent novel species and/or genera. This points to the vast diversity of PVs in bats and in bats in particular, therefore adding support to the current concept that PV evolution is more complex than merely strict PV-host co-evolution.