Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
BMC Infect Dis. 2020 Apr 15;20(1):278. doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05006-6.
Understanding potential risks of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens from the booming poultry sector is a crucial public health concern. Campylobacter spp. are among the most important zoonotic pathogens associated with MDR infections in poultry and human. This study systematically examined potential risks and associated socio-environmental factors of MDR Campylobacter spp. in poultry farms and live bird markets (LBMs) of Bangladesh.
Microbial culture and PCR-based methods were applied to examine the occurrence and MDR patterns of Campylobacter spp. in potential sources (n = 224) at 7 hatcheries, 9 broiler farms and 4 LBMs in three sub-districts. Antimicrobial residues in broiler meat and liver samples (n = 50) were detected by advanced chromatographic techniques. A questionnaire based cross-sectional survey was conducted on socio-environmental factors.
Overall, 32% (71/ 224) samples were found contaminated with Campylobacter spp. In poultry farms, Campylobacter spp. was primarily found in cloacal swab (21/49, 43%), followed by drinking water (8/24, 33%), and meat (8/28, 29%) samples of broilers. Remarkably, at LBMs, Campylobacter spp. was detected in higher prevalence (p < 0.05) in broiler meat (14/26, 54%), which could be related (p < 0.01) to bacterial contamination of drinking water (11/21, 52%) and floor (9/21, 43%). Campylobacter isolates, one from each of 71 positive samples, were differentiated into Campylobacter jejuni (66%) and Campylobacter coli (34%). Alarmingly, 49 and 42% strains of C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively, were observed as MDR, i.e., resistant to three or more antimicrobials, including, tetracycline, amoxicillin, streptomycin, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides. Residual antimicrobials (oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin) were detected in majority of broiler liver (79%) and meat (62%) samples, among which 33 and 19%, respectively, had concentration above acceptable limit. Inadequate personal and environmental hygiene, unscrupulously use of antimicrobials, improper waste disposal, and lack of health surveillance were distinguishable risk factors, with local diversity and compound influences on MDR pathogens.
Potential contamination sources and anthropogenic factors associated with the alarming occurrence of MDR Campylobacter, noted in this study, would aid in developing interventions to minimize the increasing risks of poultry-associated MDR pathogens under 'One Health' banner that includes poultry, human and environment perspectives.
了解蓬勃发展的家禽业中多药耐药（MDR）病原体的潜在风险是一个至关重要的公共卫生问题。弯曲菌属是与家禽和人类 MDR 感染相关的最重要的人畜共患病病原体之一。本研究系统地研究了孟加拉国家禽养殖场和活禽市场（LBM）中弯曲菌属的潜在风险和相关社会环境因素。
采用微生物培养和基于 PCR 的方法，在 3 个分区的 7 个孵化场、9 个肉鸡场和 4 个 LBM 中，对潜在来源（n=224）的弯曲菌属进行了检测。采用先进的色谱技术检测了肉鸡肉和肝脏样本中的抗生素残留（n=50）。采用基于问卷调查的横断面调查方法对社会环境因素进行了研究。
总体而言，32%（71/224）的样本被发现受到弯曲菌属的污染。在家禽养殖场，弯曲菌属主要存在于泄殖腔拭子（21/49，43%），其次是饮用水（8/24，33%）和肉鸡肉（8/28，29%）。值得注意的是，在 LBMs 中，弯曲菌属在肉鸡肉中的检出率更高（p<0.05，54%），这可能与饮用水（11/21，52%）和地板（9/21，43%）的细菌污染有关。从 71 个阳性样本中各分离出一株弯曲菌属，将其分为空肠弯曲菌（66%）和大肠弯曲菌（34%）。令人震惊的是，49%和 42%的空肠弯曲菌和大肠弯曲菌菌株分别表现出多药耐药性，即对三种或三种以上的抗生素（包括四环素、阿莫西林、链霉素、氟喹诺酮类和大环内酯类）耐药。在大多数肉鸡肝脏（79%）和肉（62%）样本中检测到残留的抗生素（土霉素、环丙沙星和恩诺沙星），其中分别有 33%和 19%的样本浓度超过可接受的限度。个人和环境卫生条件差、不规范使用抗生素、废物处理不当以及缺乏健康监测是可识别的危险因素，这些因素在“同一健康”框架下对人畜共患病原体具有地域多样性和复合影响，包括家禽、人类和环境。
本研究发现了与多药耐药弯曲菌属惊人发生相关的潜在污染来源和人为因素，这将有助于制定干预措施，以最大程度地降低家禽相关多药耐药病原体日益增加的风险，这是一个包含家禽、人类和环境视角的“同一健康”概念。
