College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China.
Jinhua Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinhua 321000, PR China.
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Jul 20;727:138412. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138412. Epub 2020 Apr 13.
This review aims to provide an overview of studies on pesticide residues in breast milk in China and the related health risk to mother and infants. Results showed that the investigations of breast milk covered 22 provincial administrative regions of China. Beijing and some densely populated and economically developed areas have most publications. The study frequency was followed the order of DDTs>HCHs>HCB > ∑Drins,∑Chlordane. While the residue levels were ranked as DDTs, HCHs > ∑Drins>HCB > ∑Chlordane. The highest residue levels of DDTs and HCHs in breast milk were found in 1980s (10,000 ng/g lipid), then experienced a sharp decrease in 1990s (1000-2000 ng/g lipid). In 2000s and 2010s, DDTs, and HCHs residue still showed a decreasing trend. Spatially, people located in urban area, coastal areas and southern China tend to have higher pesticide residues as compared to rural area, inland area and northern China, respectively. Other factors such as dietary habit, living environment, the maternal age, the parity, body mass index, lactation period, menstruation characteristics as well as hormonal drug intake and infertility treatment will also affect the pesticide residues in breast milk of Chinese people. According to the estimated daily ingestion (EDI) of breast milk, the average health risk for infants were generally exceeded the acceptable level before 2006, while after that, most EDI values were within the standard. Body burden of pesticides in mother can also be evaluated by using the residue data in breast milk, but no relevant guidelines were available. Other knowledge gap included 1) for some provinces with large consumption of pesticides or located in remote and plateau areas, there are few/no studies available; 2) current study on pesticide residues in breast milk in China were only focused on organochlorine pesticides, research on current used pesticides (such as pyrethroids, organophosphorus, carbamate) were necessary in the future.
本综述旨在提供中国母乳中农药残留及其对母婴健康相关风险的研究概述。结果表明，中国 22 个省级行政区均开展了母乳调查。北京和一些人口密集、经济发达的地区发表的文献最多。研究频率依次为滴滴涕（DDTs）>六氯环己烷（HCHs）>六氯苯（HCB）>∑六氯环己烷代谢物（∑Drins）>氯丹（∑Chlordane）。而残留水平依次为滴滴涕（DDTs）、六氯环己烷（HCHs）>∑六氯环己烷代谢物（∑Drins）>六氯苯（HCB）>氯丹（∑Chlordane）。20 世纪 80 年代，母乳中滴滴涕（DDTs）和六氯环己烷（HCHs）残留量最高（约 10000ng/g 脂质），20 世纪 90 年代急剧下降（约 1000-2000ng/g 脂质）。21 世纪 00 年代和 10 年代，滴滴涕（DDTs）和六氯环己烷（HCHs）残留量仍呈下降趋势。空间上，城市地区、沿海地区和南方地区的人群与农村地区、内陆地区和北方地区相比，农药残留量较高。其他因素如饮食习惯、生活环境、母亲年龄、胎次、体重指数、哺乳期、月经特征以及激素药物摄入和不孕治疗等，也会影响中国人母乳中的农药残留。根据母乳的估计日摄入量（EDI），2006 年之前，婴儿的平均健康风险普遍超过可接受水平，之后，大多数 EDI 值均在标准范围内。还可以通过使用母乳中的残留数据来评估母亲体内的农药蓄积量，但目前尚无相关指南。其他知识空白包括：1）对于一些农药使用量大或地处偏远高原地区的省份，目前研究较少或没有；2）目前中国母乳中农药残留的研究仅集中在有机氯农药上，未来有必要研究目前使用的农药（如拟除虫菊酯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯）。
