Department of Psychology, Health and Technology, Faculty of Behavioural, Management and Social Sciences, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
Department of Education and Psychology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Aggress Behav. 2020 Jul;46(4):341-353. doi: 10.1002/ab.21893. Epub 2020 Apr 29.
Previous research has shown that there is higher tolerance of violence against women in cultures with salient gender-specific honor norms, especially when the violence occurs in intimate relationships and in response to threat to male honor. The present cross-cultural study (N = 398) extended these findings to sexual aggression (i.e., marital rape) by comparing participants from a culture that emphasizes honor (Turkey) and participants from cultures without strong honor traditions (Germany and Britain). Turkish participants blamed the victim and exonerated the perpetrator more than did German and British participants. In all cultural groups, participants blamed the victim and exonerated the perpetrator more when the husband's reputation was threatened than in the absence of such threat, and in all cultural groups, men blamed the victim and exonerated the perpetrator more than women. Yet, the effect of masculine reputation threat and this pattern of gender differences were somewhat more pronounced among Turkish than German or British participants. Results exploring the predictive role of honor norms at the individual level beyond rape myth acceptance and traditional gender role attitudes revealed that honor norms were the primary predictor of rape perceptions and blame attributions in Turkey (an honor culture), but not in Germany and Britain (dignity cultures) where rape myth acceptance was the strongest predictor. These results provide insights into the cultural factors influencing marital rape judgments in ways that may undermine victim's well-being and fair handling of rape cases, and highlight the domains most urgently in need of potential intervention.
先前的研究表明，在具有明显性别特定荣誉规范的文化中，对暴力侵害妇女行为的容忍度更高，尤其是在亲密关系中以及对男性荣誉受到威胁时。本跨文化研究（N=398）通过比较强调荣誉的文化（土耳其）和没有强烈荣誉传统的文化（德国和英国）的参与者，将这些发现扩展到了性侵犯（即婚内强奸）。与德国和英国的参与者相比，土耳其的参与者更多地指责受害者并为加害者开脱。在所有文化群体中，当丈夫的声誉受到威胁时，参与者比在没有这种威胁时更多地指责受害者并为加害者开脱，而在所有文化群体中，男性比女性更多地指责受害者并为加害者开脱。然而，在土耳其参与者中，男性声誉威胁的影响以及这种性别差异模式比在德国或英国参与者中更为明显。探索个人层面的荣誉规范在超越强奸神话接受度和传统性别角色态度方面的预测作用的结果表明，荣誉规范是土耳其（荣誉文化）对强奸认知和指责归因的主要预测因素，但在德国和英国（尊严文化）并非如此，在这些国家，强奸神话接受度是最强的预测因素。这些结果深入了解了影响婚姻强奸判断的文化因素，这些因素可能会损害受害者的福祉和对强奸案件的公正处理，并突出了最迫切需要潜在干预的领域。
