Volunteer of Veterinary Center, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland.
Toxicon. 2020 Jul 30;182:34-53. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.04.101. Epub 2020 May 11.
Mycotoxins are low-molecular weight compounds produced mainly by fungi, with Fusarium and Aspergillus origin. Secondary, metabolites, are mostly found on plants. However, the contamination of the feed and forage has been also reported. Because of their pharmacological activity, mycotoxins can be used as chemical warfare agents, drugs or growth promotants. Additionally, mycotoxins are found as one of the most dangerous genotoxic factors which cause the damage of DNA and lead to disease development. This review includes the knowledge of mycotoxins as both, an invisible danger of forage and as food additives. Special emphasis shall be given on mycotoxins with proven cancerogenic activity; including aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. Factors such as species, mechanisms/modes of action, metabolism, and defense mechanisms were taken into account. The main concern was focused on zearalenone characterization, because of its estrogenic activity, caused by structural similarity to estrogens, naturally occurring in cells. By binding to estrogenic receptors, toxins are, accumulated in organisms and long-term exposure may cause the disturbances, especially in the reproductive system. The next part of this paper contains the description of main strategies of toxins determination. Finally, in the review, several potential methods for the dioxins neutralization were discussed.
真菌主要产生低分子量化合物，即霉菌毒素，曲霉菌和青霉菌是其主要来源。次生代谢物大多存在于植物中。然而，饲料和草料也会受到污染。由于霉菌毒素具有药理学活性，因此可以将其用作化学战剂、药物或生长促进剂。此外，霉菌毒素被认为是最危险的遗传毒性因素之一，会导致 DNA 损伤，并引发疾病。
本综述涵盖了霉菌毒素作为饲料隐形危害物和食品添加剂的相关知识。重点介绍了具有明确致癌活性的霉菌毒素，包括黄曲霉毒素、伏马菌素、赭曲霉毒素、单端孢霉烯族化合物和玉米赤霉烯酮。综述考虑了物种、作用机制/模式、代谢和防御机制等因素。主要关注点集中在玉米赤霉烯酮的特性上，因为其结构与雌激素相似，具有雌激素活性，存在于细胞中。毒素通过与雌激素受体结合，在体内蓄积，长期暴露可能会导致紊乱，特别是在生殖系统中。
本文的下一部分描述了主要的毒素检测策略。最后，在综述中，讨论了几种潜在的二恶英中和方法。
