Institute of Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine & Health Tourism, Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Tyrol 6060, Austria.
Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK94LA, UK.
J Sport Health Sci. 2020 May;9(3):228-239. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.12.002. Epub 2019 Dec 24.
One main purpose of the World Anti-Doping Agency was to harmonize anti-doping efforts, including the provision of anti-doping education. A multifaceted approach to doping prevention can play a key role in preventing intentional and unintentional doping. This article aimed to systematically record and evaluate doping prevention approaches in the form of information and education activities of national anti-doping organizations (NADOs) and assess the extent to which a multifaceted doping prevention approach has been realized.
Data on anti-doping information and education activities of 53 NADOs were collected via a survey and an online search of the NADOs' websites. Prevention activities were classified into knowledge focused, affective focused, social skills, life skills, and ethic- and value- based. The implementation of the prevention activities was assessed by 4 independent raters using a modified visual analogue scale.
In total, 59% of the NADOs (n = 38) returned the survey and 70% (n = 45) had information available online. The data were combined for the visual analogue scale assessment. Overall, 58% of the NADOs (n = 37) reported offering activities including elements of all 5 approaches. Results of the raters' assessments indicated that the knowledge-focused approach was best implemented; the implementation of the other 4 approaches was largely unsatisfactory. The most common barriers to implementing doping prevention programs reported by the NADOs were lack of resources (n = 26) and difficulties in collaborating with sports organizations (n = 8).
Results show a discrepancy between NADOs' self-report data and the implementation assessment. Even though the NADOs indicated otherwise, most of their education-based approaches did not address aspects of the visual analogue scale (e.g., resisting peer pressure) and only a few programs were ongoing. Possible explanations might be found in the reported barriers (e.g., financial). Concrete guidelines defining multifaceted, values-based education, and best practice examples should be developed to indicate how to include all 5 approaches in prevention.
世界反兴奋剂机构的主要目的之一是协调反兴奋剂工作，包括提供反兴奋剂教育。多方面的兴奋剂预防方法可以在预防故意和无意使用兴奋剂方面发挥关键作用。本文旨在系统地记录和评估国家反兴奋剂组织（NADO）信息和教育活动形式的兴奋剂预防方法，并评估多方面兴奋剂预防方法的实施程度。
通过调查和在线搜索 NADO 网站收集了 53 个 NADO 的反兴奋剂信息和教育活动数据。预防活动分为以知识为重点、以情感为重点、社会技能、生活技能和基于道德和价值观的活动。使用修改后的视觉模拟量表，由 4 名独立评估员评估预防活动的实施情况。
共有 59%的 NADO（n=38）回复了调查，70%（n=45）在网上提供了信息。对视觉模拟量表评估进行了数据合并。总体而言，58%的 NADO（n=37）报告提供了包含所有 5 种方法要素的活动。评估员评估的结果表明，以知识为重点的方法实施得最好；其他 4 种方法的实施情况大多不尽如人意。NADO 报告的实施兴奋剂预防计划的最常见障碍是缺乏资源（n=26）和与体育组织合作困难（n=8）。
结果显示 NADOs 的自我报告数据与实施评估之间存在差异。尽管 NADOs 表示并非如此，但他们的大多数基于教育的方法并未涉及视觉模拟量表的各个方面（例如，抵制同伴压力），并且只有少数方案在持续进行。可能的解释可以在报告的障碍中找到（例如，财务）。应制定具体的指导方针，定义多方面、基于价值观的教育，并提供最佳实践示例，以指示如何将所有 5 种方法纳入预防措施。
