Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.
Biomolecules. 2020 Jun 12;10(6):901. doi: 10.3390/biom10060901.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major causes of death and disability worldwide, and despite its high dissemination, effective pharmacotherapies are lacking. TBI can be divided into two phases: the instantaneous primary mechanical injury, which occurs at the moment of insult, and the delayed secondary injury, which involves a cascade of biological processes that lead to neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of both acute and chronic TBI, and it is considered to be one of the major determinants of the outcome and progression of disease. In TBI one of the emerging mechanisms for cell-cell communication involved in the immune response regulation is represented by Extracellular Vesicles (EVs). These latter are produced by all cell types and are considered a fingerprint of their generating cells. Exosomes are the most studied nanosized vesicles and can carry a variety of molecular constituents of their cell of origin, including microRNAs (miRNAs). Several miRNAs have been shown to target key neuropathophysiological pathways involved in TBI. The focus of this review is to analyze exosomes and their miRNA cargo to modulate TBI neuroinflammation providing new strategies for prevent long-term progression of disease.
创伤性脑损伤（TBI）是全球范围内主要的死亡和残疾原因之一，尽管其发病率很高，但缺乏有效的药物治疗方法。TBI 可分为两个阶段：即刻原发性机械损伤，发生在损伤瞬间，以及延迟性继发性损伤，涉及一系列导致神经炎症的生物学过程。神经炎症是急性和慢性 TBI 的标志之一，被认为是疾病结局和进展的主要决定因素之一。在 TBI 中，参与免疫反应调节的细胞间通讯的新兴机制之一是细胞外囊泡（EVs）。这些囊泡由所有细胞类型产生，被认为是其产生细胞的特征。外泌体是研究最多的纳米大小的囊泡，可以携带其来源细胞的多种分子成分，包括 microRNAs（miRNAs）。已经有研究表明，多种 miRNAs 可以靶向参与 TBI 的关键神经病理生理学途径。本综述的重点是分析外泌体及其 miRNA 货物，以调节 TBI 神经炎症，为预防疾病的长期进展提供新策略。
