Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
UCM Research Group VALORNUT-920030, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Nutrients. 2020 Jun 16;12(6):1787. doi: 10.3390/nu12061787.
Bone problems in the population begin to be establish in childhood. The present study aims to assess the usual calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D intakes, along with the food sources of these nutrients, in Spanish children participating in the EsNuPI (Estudio Nutricional en Población Infantil Española) study. Two 24 h dietary recalls were applied to 1448 children (1 to <10 years) divided into two sub-samples: one reference sample (RS) of the general population [ = 707] and another sample which exclusively included children consuming enriched or fortified milks, here called "adapted milks" (AMS) [ = 741]. Estimation of the usual intake shows that nutrient intake increased with age for all nutrients except vitamin D. Using as reference the Dietary Reference Values from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), calcium and magnesium intakes were found to be below the average requirement (AR) and adequate intake (AI), respectively, in a considerable percentage of children. Furthermore, phosphorus exceeded the AI in 100% of individuals and vitamin D was lower than the AI in almost all children studied. The results were very similar when considering only plausible reporters. When analyzing the food sources of the nutrients studied, milk and dairy products contributed the most to calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D. Other sources of calcium were cereals and vegetables; for phosphorus: meat, meat products, and cereals; for magnesium: cereals and fruits; and, for vitamin D: fish and eggs. These results highlight the desirability of improving the intake concerning these nutrients, which are involved in bone and metabolic health in children. The AMS group appeared to contribute better to the adequacy of those nutrients than the RS group, but both still need further improvement. Of special interest are the results of vitamin D intakes, which were significantly higher in the AMS group (although still below the AI), independent of age.
人群中的骨骼问题始于儿童期。本研究旨在评估参与 EsNuPI（西班牙儿童营养研究）研究的西班牙儿童的常用钙、磷、镁和维生素 D 摄入量，以及这些营养素的食物来源。对 1448 名儿童（1 至<10 岁）进行了两次 24 小时膳食回顾，将他们分为两个亚组：一个是普通人群的参考样本（RS）[=707]，另一个是专门包括饮用强化或添加牛奶的儿童的样本，这里称为“适应奶”（AMS）[=741]。常用摄入量的估计表明，除了维生素 D 之外，所有营养素的摄入量都随年龄的增长而增加。以欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）的膳食参考值为参考，发现相当大比例的儿童的钙和镁摄入量分别低于平均需求量（AR）和适宜摄入量（AI）。此外，磷在 100%的个体中超过了 AI，而维生素 D 在几乎所有研究的儿童中都低于 AI。当只考虑合理报告者时，结果非常相似。当分析所研究营养素的食物来源时，牛奶和奶制品为钙、磷、镁和维生素 D 的主要来源。钙的其他来源是谷物和蔬菜；磷的其他来源是肉类、肉类产品和谷物；镁的其他来源是谷物和水果；而维生素 D 的其他来源是鱼类和鸡蛋。这些结果突出表明，需要改善这些营养素的摄入量，这些营养素与儿童的骨骼和代谢健康有关。AMS 组似乎比 RS 组更能满足这些营养素的适宜性，但两者仍需进一步改善。特别值得关注的是维生素 D 摄入量的结果，尽管仍低于 AI，但 AMS 组的摄入量明显更高，且与年龄无关。
